Term
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Definition
The Genotypic function.
Store and transmit genetic information. |
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Term
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Definition
Phenotypic Funtion
Dictates development of the organism. |
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Term
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Definition
Evolutionary Function.
Genetic material changes to adapt to environment |
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Term
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Definition
1)Unit Factors in pairs
2)Dom/Recess.
3)Segregation
4) Independent Assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| Isolated DNA nuclein, and discovered its presence in other cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyadenosine monophosphate |
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Term
| Is incubation in the mouse required for transformation to occur? |
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Definition
| Nope! Can occur in vitro, bitches |
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Term
| Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty proved that DNA was the transforming principle by: |
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Definition
...using enzymes to inhibit the function of proteins, RNA, and DNA
(When DNA was inhibited, virus was not passed on) |
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Term
In Fir
hy did the heat-killed virulent strain still kill the mouse when mixed with a live 'harmless' II-R strain? |
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Definition
| The 'harmless' strain was able to 'take-up' the "genetic material" of the heat-killed strain, and reproduced a polysaccharide coat, capable of protecting the virus. |
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Term
| True or False: The Hershey and Chase bacteriophage experiment showed that the genetic material is in the protein of viruses |
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Definition
| False: It was proved to be in the DNA |
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Term
| Why and how, in the Hershey and Chase experiment, were radioactive phosphorus and radioactive sulfur used to identify the genetic material in organisms? |
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Definition
| Radioactive sulfur only showed up in proteins, and radioactive phosphorus only showed up in DNA. This is because there is no P is proteins, and no S in DNA, so the radioactivity in each respective experiment, would show where the phosphorus and sulfur were present. The presence of radioactivity inside the cell shows genetic transfer, and when identified, that radioactivity turned out to be Phosphorus, and by extension, DNA. Woah holy shit. |
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Term
| Who discovered RNA's ability to contain and transmit genetic information? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was involved in the experiment that discovered RNA's genetic properties? |
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Definition
| Tobacco leaves infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), and those not affected, are each stripped down to proteins and RNA. Proteins and RNA of the different individuals are mixed. The individuals with infected RNA and normal proteins produce strictly infected offspring, therefore, RNA is involved in genetic material and transfer. |
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Term
| True or False: Nucleotides are joined by Phospho-ester bonds? |
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Definition
| False, bitch - phosphodiester, eh? |
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Term
| Nucleotides are joined by _' to _' |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the polarity of a molecule of DNA or RNA |
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Definition
| 5' phosphate to 3' hydroxyl |
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Term
| According to ____ ______, the amounts of guanine and adenine in DNA are identical. |
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Definition
Erwin Chargaff
P.S. A+T = G+C |
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Term
| What is Chargaff's second rule |
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Definition
| The composition of DNA varies from one species to another |
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Term
| William Atsbury performed ____ _____________ on DNA, and was therefore able to determine DNA's ________ _________ |
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Definition
a) x-ray diffraction
b) structural information |
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Term
| Whose work on the structure of DNA, identified the distance between nucleotides of 3.4 angstroms (0.34 nanometers) |
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Definition
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Term
| Who continued Atsbury's work on x-ray diffraction? (two names) |
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Definition
| Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins |
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Term
| What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins contribute? |
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Definition
| Prepared highly ordered DNA fibres that showed more detail in diffraction patterns. |
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Term
| Who discovered DNA's double helix? |
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Definition
| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Term
| Watson and Crick discovered what about the diameter of DNA's helix? |
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Definition
| It was about 2 nanometers |
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Term
| The helix makes one complete turn every ____ nanometers, therfore ___ nucleotides per turn. |
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Definition
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Term
| Watson and Crick proposed what 4 facts about DNA? |
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Definition
1) DNA is a double helix
2) two strands are antiparallel
3) sugar-phosphate backbone
4) bases held together by H bonds |
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Term
| The interior of DNA is _________, and the exterior of DNA is __________(hydrophobic/hydrophilic). |
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Definition
a) hydrophobic
b) hydrophilic |
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Term
| Describe the solubility of DNA |
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Definition
- hydrophilic sugar-phosphate backbone
- hydrophobic bases stacked in interior |
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Term
| Describe the stability of DNA |
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Definition
- many H+ bonds between base pairs
- hydrophobic interactions between base pairs |
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Term
| What did Watson & Crick's discovery suggest? |
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Definition
| the complementary strands suggests that there is likely a copying mechanism for DNA |
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Term
| What is the structure of a prokaryotic chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
prokaryotes are diploid |
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Definition
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Term
| Given that an E.coli cell is 2umX1um, and E.coli DNA is 1.5mm, what can you conclude about its DNA? |
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Definition
| the DNA is highly condensed |
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Term
| What enzymes cut, rotate and rejoin DNA for compaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the supercoiling of DNA |
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Definition
1. strand of circular DNA is nicked
2. One strand is rotated 360 clockwise,one is rotated 360 counterclockwise
3. DNA ligase rejoins the nicked ends |
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Term
True or False
Bacterial DNA is positively supercoiled |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial DNA is both ____ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| If RNase partially digests bacterial DNA, what will occur? |
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Definition
| One loop will be cleaved and the chromosome will partially unfolded but remain supercoiled |
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Term
| If DNase partially digests bacterial DNA, what will occur? |
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Definition
| One loop will be nicked and become uncoiled |
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Term
| How many base pairs are found in human DNA? How many genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what stage of mitosis is DNA most compact, and to what degree is it compacted? |
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Definition
| metaphase, compacted 10 000X |
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Term
True or False
There are two DNA molecules found in each eukaryotic chromosome |
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Definition
False
one molecule of DNA per chromosome |
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Term
| What is chromatin composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the compaction of DNA |
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Definition
-nucleosome core consists of 146 base pairs wrapped 1 3/4 turns around an octamer of histones
-nucleosomes are connected by linker DNA 8-114 pairs long |
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Term
| What are the 4 histones found within the nucleosome core particle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the H1 protein do? |
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Definition
| stabilizes the nucleosome structure |
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Term
Which of the following are found in chromatin?
a) linker DNA
b) H4 protein
c) transcriptional regulators
d) chromatin modifiers
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| Are histones positively or negatively charged? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two amino acids are found in histone proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe 3 things about histones |
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Definition
-highly conserved in all eukaryotes
-replaced by protamines in sperm
-histone tails wrap around the DNA molecule
-can be enzymatically modified |
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Term
| What effect would the addition of an acetyl, methyl or phosphate group have on a histone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do chromatin remodeling complexes do to histone proteins? |
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Definition
| they displace the histone, exposing the underyling DNA sequences to polymerases and other enzymes |
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Term
| What are the three levels of chromosome condensation? |
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Definition
-11 nm nucleosomes
-30nm chromatin fiber (nucleosome fibers stabilized by H1)
-metaphase chromosome (chromatin fibers wrapped around a protein scaffold) |
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Term
| What are the two models of chromatin fiber structure? |
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Definition
-solenoid model (lined up in two rows)
-zig zag model |
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Term
| How might the chemical modification of histone tails or H1 affect the structure of chromatin? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Chromatin structures are static, cannot change between solenoid & zig zag form |
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Definition
False
They can expand or contract depending on the modifications of H1 and histone tails |
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Term
| Where do spindle microtubules attach? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
DNA sequence is conserved in plants but not in animals |
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Definition
False
conserved in both plants and animals |
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Term
| Why is the formation of the centromere/microtubule complex important? |
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Definition
| For the proper separation of sister chromatids at anaphase |
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