Term
| Name the five parts of science? |
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Definition
1. Science is guided by naural laws 2. It has to be explanatory by reference to these laws 3.. It is testable against the observable world 4. Conclusions are tentative 5. It is falsifiable |
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Term
| List the steps of how science works. |
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Definition
| background info--hypothesis--experiment--analyze--support/reject--report results |
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Term
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Definition
| Logical, concise prediction for an experimental outcome. |
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Term
| What is a theory? Give examples |
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Definition
Broad explanation with a great deal of experimental and logical support. Gravity, plate tectonics, natural selection |
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Term
Compare lab experiments and field experiments |
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Definition
Lab experiments-high internal validity, low external valitdity Field experiments-low internal validity, high external validity (good science is both working together) |
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Term
| Name four benefits of science. |
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Definition
Decision-making Citizenship Technology Conservation Medical Services Exploratory Reserach |
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Term
| Name eightcharacteristics of life. |
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Definition
Chemical uniqueness Complexity Metabolism Developement Reproduction with inheritance and modification Posess a genetic program Environmental interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Important organic molecules--large, and biologically important |
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Term
What is an organic molecule? |
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Definition
| Contains the element carbon and is usually synthesized by cells |
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Term
What are carbohydrates monomer and polymer? |
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Definition
Monomer--monosaccharides Polymer--polysaccharides |
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Term
| Name the four different groups of macromolecules. |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Do lipids have a monomer and polymer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are nucleic acids monomer and polymer? |
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Definition
Monomer--nucleotiedes Polymer--RNA, DNA |
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Term
| What are proteins monomer and polymer? |
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Definition
Monomer--amino acids Polymer--polypeptides (amino acids stuck together) |
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Term
| What are the functions of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Structural and energy storage. |
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Term
| How are cellulse, starch, and glycogen similar? |
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Definition
They are all made of glucose, but the difference is the way glucose is stuck together. We cannot break down cellulose because we don't have the right enzyme. |
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Term
| What are the functions of lipids? |
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Definition
| Varied, includes energy storage, structural, and messenger. |
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Term
| How many common Amino Acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the four structures of proteins. |
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Definition
Primary--type and order of AA's (string of AA's) Secondary--the coiled or folded AA string (alpha helix and pleated sheet) Tertiary---modified secondary structure (folded alpha) Quaternar-more than one polypeptide (hemoglobin) ALL LEVELS BUILD OFF EACH OTHER |
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Term
| Name some examples of proteins. |
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Definition
Structural (hair) Contractile (muscle) Deffensive (antibodies) Enzymes-most important |
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Term
| Name three factors that affect protein structure and describe. |
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Definition
pH of the solution--if hydrogen bonds are broken due to change in concentration of H+ bions, the protein collapses Temperature--an increase in temp can denature the protein (enzyme will reform if it is cooled down, unless it was too hot) Salinity--steals hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| No, they are not alive. The can be changed or denatured, but they don't die. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological catalyst. It is capable of speeding up chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation and is essentially unchanged in the reaction. |
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Term
What happens to the reaction rate if you change an enzyme's shape? |
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Definition
| It will reduce the reduce the reaction rate |
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Term
| What happens to the reaction rate of enzymes if pH is raised or lowered? |
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Definition
| Depends ultimately on optimum, if raised or lowered it will eventually slow down the reaction rate. |
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Term
What did Stanley Miller create in 1953? |
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Definition
| An apparatus that took simple organic molecules and with water it turned them into amino acids, fatty acids, etc. |
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Term
Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes. |
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Definition
Prokaryotes--Bacteria that lack organelles Eukaryotes--everything else, they have organelles |
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Term
Compare autotrophs and heterotrophs. |
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Definition
Autotroph--synthesizes organic molecules using energy from inorganic sources such as light Heterotroph--synthesizes organic molecules using energy from organic sources, such as horse meat |
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Term
| What is the function of the cell or plasma membrane? |
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Definition
Phospholipid bilayer that separates cell from its surroundings and is a water-soluble barrier |
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Term
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Definition
The site of nuclear DNA and the genetic "control center". It is bound by a 2-membrane nuclear envelope. |
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Term
| What does the nucleolus do? |
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Definition
| Synthesizes ribosomal RNA to form ribosomes |
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Term
| What is the function of mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Harvesting of energy (ATP) during cellular respiration. |
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Term
What is the function of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum and describe? |
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Definition
Rough--studded with ribosomes and is associated with protein translation Smooth--no robiosomes and is associated with lipid synthesis |
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Term
| What does the golgi complex do? |
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Definition
| Golgi bodies store and modify protein products of the rough ER |
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Term
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Definition
| Vessicles that contain digest enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Present on some cells and greatly increase surface area. |
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Term
| Compare flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia. |
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Definition
Flagella--motile structure used for sweeping material past or toward cell for locomotion Cilia--same, usually more numerous than flagella Pseudopodia--temporary cytoplasmic protrusions used for engulfing food or movement |
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Term
| What is the fluid-mosaic model? |
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Definition
The cell membrane is barely visible in the electron microscope, however it is accepted that it is a phospholipid bilayer with glycolipids and glycoproteins embedded in it. |
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Term
| What does semi-permeable mean? |
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Definition
| Some materials can pass the barrier and others cannot. |
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Term
| Name and describle three means of transpot through the cell membrane. |
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Definition
Simple Diffusion--molecules travel from an area of high to an area of low Mediated Transport--molecules cannot pass the barrier via simple diffusion (too big, too polar, etc.) Endocytosis--encapsulated by vesicle |
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Term
Compare a solute and solvent. |
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Definition
Solute--the dissolved materials within a liquid Solvent--the dissolving medium, usually water |
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Term
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Definition
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. |
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Term
| Describe facilitated transport |
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Definition
| The molecule cannot pass through the barrier unassisted. Usually involves a protein molecule within the cell membrane that assists in transport. Uses no energy. |
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Term
| Describe active transport |
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Definition
| Molecules are moved against the concentration gradient. This requires energy. (EX: sodium and potassium gradients between cells and their surrounding environment) |
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Term
| Name two types of endocytosis. |
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Definition
Phagocytosis--extension of pseudopodia, not for locomotion, used to engulf a particle Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis--specialized receptors bind to a particular particle, invagination occurs, membrane "pinches off" |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity for doing work. |
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Term
| Where does almost all of the energy used by Earth's organsims ultimately come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What compound is the common enegry vehicle for organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What scientific principle is shown by a food chain? |
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Definition
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics--energy conversion is inefficent (energy is lost) |
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Term
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Definition
| People who believe in literal interpretation of the Bible especially Genesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetically based change in a popultion over time |
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Term
| What did Larmarck propose? |
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Definition
| That the mechanism of evolution was inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
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Term
| What did Charles Darwin study in college? |
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Definition
| Medical Student and then student of divinity at Cambridge |
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Term
Charles Darwin was a captain's mate on what ship from what years? |
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Definition
| HMS Beagle (1831-1836) waters of South America |
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Term
| What was Charles Lyell's theory? |
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Definition
The Concept of Uniformitarianism--curent patterns we see today we can apply to the past |
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Term
| Who along with Charles Darwin also independently developed the theory of Natural Selection? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did Darwin publish the "abstract" of his book on Natural Selection |
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Definition
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Term
Define natural selection. |
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Definition
Differential survival and reproduction of phenotypes with a genetic basis |
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Term
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Definition
| Random changes in genotype frequencies over generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microevolution added up over a long peiod of time. |
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Term
| Give two examples of the types of evololutionary trends we see in macroevolutionary studies over time. |
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Definition
Increase in brain size in all mammals over time, body size increase in a variety of lineages |
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Term
Compare the two types of speciation. |
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Definition
Allopatric speciation--this occurs when two populations are geographically isolated and during this time reproductive isolation evolves Sympatric speciation--two populations live in the same geographic area, but reproductive isolation still evolves |
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Term
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Definition
| Coming back to the place you were born. |
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