Term
| Responsible for early, rapid response to pathogens without prior exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances that attract specific types of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complex lipid stored in cell membranes, including those of endothelial cells that line blood vessels & other cells that can become injured. A potent inflammatory mediator that has a key role in promoting vessel vasodilation, clotting, and attracting infection-fighting WBC's to the site of injury. |
|
Definition
| Platelet-activating factor |
|
|
Term
| A general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also called fever; an elevated core body temperature is a result of chemical mediators acting directly on the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A substance, typically produced by a bacterium that induces a fever when introduced into the blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An elevation in the WBC or leukocyte, with a count usually above 10,000/mm3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A reduction of the WBC's in the blood; typical of various diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorderly process of cell death associated with inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Programmed cell death that is prompted by a genetic signal and designed to replace old cells with new; "cellular suicide" |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Process by which B cells and T cells are deactivated after they have expressed receptors for self-antigens and before they develop into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The proliferation of B and T lymphocytes activated by clonal selection to produce a clone of identical cells; enables the body to have sufficient numbers of antigen specific lymphocytes to mount an effective immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The selection and activation of specific B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes by the binding of epitopes to B or T cell receptors with a corresponding fit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Making ineffective any action, process, or potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process of rendering bacteria vulnerable to phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The clumping of particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A key source of chemical mediators within the plasma; has many roles, particularly as it relates to inflammation, immunity, and the resolution of infection. |
|
Definition
| Complement Sytem (& activation) |
|
|
Term
| Cells that process and present antigen for recognition by immune cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grafts from different sites on the same person |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Graft between unrelated individuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A tissue graft or organ transplant from a donor of a different species from the recipient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The host attacks the graft; immediate rejection due to compatibility issues |
|
Definition
| Host Versus Graft Disease (HVGD) |
|
|
Term
| The graft attacks the host cells. Slower onset |
|
Definition
| Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) |
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|
Term
| Administered to Rh - mothers when there is a risk of maternal exposure to fetal RBC's; binds to D antigen on fetal cells circulating in the maternal circulation, providing a protective coating around the cells nad preventing detection by the maternal immune system and subsequent anti D antibody production |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A phenomenon of hosting two or more pathogens simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a new infection arises in addition to the one that is already present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potent substances produced by many bacteria, which result in host cell dysfunction or lysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A complex of phospholipid polysaccharaide molecules that form the structural component of the gram negative cell wall and causes inflammation mediators to be released, leading to a massive inflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that cause an infection usually associated with purulent exudate containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The watery fluid with a high protein and leukocyte concentration that accumulates at the site of injury |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A fingerlike projection at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal flora that cause diesease only in a host with a compromised immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This phase is from the exposure to the onset of any signs or symptoms. During this period the individual often has no idea that he or she has been exposed to, or will develop, the illness. Transmission of disease is greatest at this time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This phase involves the onset of vague, nonspecific signs and symptoms, including fatigue, low grade fever, nausea, weakness, and generalized muscle aches. Specific signs and symptoms have not yet emerged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes manifestations or illnesses that are usually abrupt in onset and last a few days to a few months |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This phase extends from waning clinical manifestations to full recovery from the disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The substance that causes RBC's to agglutinate |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Process by which two or more different strains of a virus or strains of two or more different viruses combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanism in various viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody binding sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The observable or measurable expression of the altered health condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An indicator that is reported by an ill individual and is often considered a "subjective" manifestation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Indicators that are reported by the ill individual and are considered the "subjective" manifestations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Observable or measurable expressions of a disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is the following a sign or symptom?
A cold sore |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is the following a sign or symptom?
Raised, clear, fluid filled vesicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is the following a sign or symptom?
tingling or discomfort |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is the following a sign or symptom?
lethargy, tiredness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Triggers that promote the onset of clinical manifestations
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the following an example of?
Exercise, cold weather, upper respiratory infection, stress, dust, pollen, animal dander, mold |
|
Definition
| Precipitating Factors (of Asthma) |
|
|
Term
| Refers to those manifestations that are directly at the site of illness, injury, or infection and are confined to a specific area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describes manifestations that are present throughout the body and are not confined to a local area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Systemic or Local?
Lethargy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Systemic or Local?
Generalized muscle aches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Systemic or Local?
High BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Systemic or Local?
Redness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Systemic or Local?
Bruising |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Level of Disease Prevention:
This level prohibits a disease condition from occuring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Level of Disease Prevention:
This is the early detection and treatment of disease through screening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Level of Disease Prevention:
Rehabilitation of a patient after detection of disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Level of Disease Prevention:
Wearing a bike helmet to prevent a head injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Level of Disease Prevention:
Performing breast or testicular self-exam every month for early cancer detection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Level of Disease Prevention:
Applying PT and OT interventions to improve gross and fine motor skills after a stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate of occurrence of a disease at any given time. Represents the probability that a disease will occur in a certain population. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number or percentage of a population that is affected by a particular disease at a given time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A condition in which the incidence and prevelance are predictable and stable |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A dramatic increase in disease incidence in a population. Represents a rate considerably above the norm. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When an epidemic spreads across continents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seperates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment |
|
Definition
| Plasma (or cell) membrane |
|
|
Term
| A colloidal substance surrounding the cell nucleus composed of water, proteins, fats, electrolytes, glycogen, and pigments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures within a cell that perform distinct functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains genetic material called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Composed of tubules and filaments, and contributes to cell shape, mvmt, and transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creates a barrier that seperates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment surrounding it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complex network of tubules, producing proteins and fats |
|
Definition
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of proteins via bound ribosomes. Production of lysosomal enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hromones. Regulation of intracellular calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membranous structure that prepares substances produced by the ER for secretion out of the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small sacs surrounded by membrane. Digests cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes. Important in the metabolism of particular substances. Formed by the golgi apparatus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane enclosed sacs smaller than lysosomes. Contain enzymes called oxidases that neutralize o2 free radicals. Neutralize harmful substances that could be potentially damaging to the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large organelles that recognize abnormally folded or formed proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principal producer of cellular energy source (ATP). Contain the enzymes needed for the CA cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the structure of the cell membrane:
The phosphate connected to the lipid structure. Polar and hydrophilic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the structure of the cell membrane:
The lipid structure, hydophobic & non-polar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the structure of the cell membrane:
Carbohydrates bound to lipid. Present in smaller numbers than phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the structure of the cell membrane:
Proteins that pass through the cell membrane that allow for communication and tranport between the extra cellular and intracellular environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the structure of the cell membrane:
Specific type of transmembrane protein that becuase of the tight binding to lipid tains becomes part of the membrane itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the structure of the cell membrane:
These allow for the transport of ions (atom with an electrical charge) across the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the structure of the cell membrane:
Project into either the intracellular or the extracellular environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mvmt. of substances is often classified according to ______ required in the act of transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances may enter the cell ______, meaning that little energy is required by this process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Cellular Function:
Functional mechanism for the passage of substances through the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Moves towards an equilibrium. |
|
Definition
| Simple diffusion (passive) |
|
|
Term
| Carbon dioxide and oxygen are a good example of what type of tranport? |
|
Definition
| Simple diffusion (passive) |
|
|
Term
| Process by which water moves across the semipermeable cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration in attempt to dilute the solute level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressure created by osmosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of some substances across the cell membrane with the use of tranport proteins. Carrier mediated/channel mediated. Ion channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The movement of glucose is what type of transport? |
|
Definition
| Facilitated diffusion (passive transport) |
|
|
Term
| Requires energy when transporting particles across the cell membrane. Moves particles against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. Ex. moves particles from an area of low to an area of high concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mvmt of sodium out of the cell across the membrane with the assistance of the sodium potassium pump from an area of low to an area of high concentration is what type of transport? |
|
Definition
| Active transport (requires ATP) |
|
|
Term
Identify the Cellular Function:
Particle entry into the cytoplasm through incorporation into a vesicle via a portion of the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Cellular Function:
The process of releasing metabolic products from cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process used to transport large substances into cells. Two categories. Requires energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP requiring process of ingesting small vesicles (fluids) |
|
Definition
| A form of endocytosis; specifically pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Process of ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components, resulting in the release of o2 free radicals. This is critical in the defense of the body from foreign invaders. |
|
Definition
| A form of endocytosis, specifically phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| The process of mvmt. of granules or particles out of the cell; fusion of the membrane surrounding the granule with the cell membrane followed by rupture and release of contents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Cellular Function:
Series of metabolic processes that transforms fuel molecules into energy (in the form of ATP) and waste products |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of ATP production that occurs without O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of breaking down glucose in the cytosol of the cell, occurs in the absence of O2, releasing only a small amount of energy. 2 ATP molecules produced. Waste product includes lactic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs in metabolic pathways of the mitochondria. When O2 is present, products of glycolysis enter the CA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. These create a total of 38 ATP. Waste products include: carbon dioxide, water, & heat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Cellular Function:
Cellular function operating under the control of genes. Process by which cells replicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to reproduction; the increase in cell number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to replication, the changes in physical and functional properties of cells. This directs the cell to develop into specific cell types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the Cellular Function:
The message or signal transmitted from one cell to another cell influences cellular behavior and plays a role in determining function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Teh target cell is able to communicate through a special protein known as a _________. These can be present on the cell membrane (membrane bound) or within the cell (intracellular).
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the type of cellular communication:
Signaling thorough gap junctions. Signals move quickly to adjacent cells in coordinating fashion. OR communication occurs by direct contact of membrane-bound signaling molecule and a receptor |
|
Definition
Contact dependent
Ex. cardiac cells |
|
|
Term
Identify the type of cellular communication:
Signaling and target cells are close together. The ligands involved exert a rapid local response. Local effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the type of cellular communication:
form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the type of cellular communication:
Signaling molecules travel through the blood stream. Ligands involved are hormones and influence cell behavior on a larger level. This pathway is slower and longer lasting than others. Wider range of impact (affects entire organism) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the adaptive cell change:
Decrease in the size of the cell. Can occur due to decreased functional demand on the cell. Decreased O2 supply can also contribute to decrease in cell size. Can be reversible. Ex. muscular wasting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the adaptive cell change:
An increase in cellular size from an increase in trophic (growth) signals. Ex. increase in muscle or fat cells size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the adaptive cell change:
An increase in the # of cells. Due to an increase in the workload or increased hormonal stimuli.
Ex. Swollen lymph nodes, increased RBC's in higher altitudes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the adaptive cell change:
The chanigng of one cell type to another. Organized, structural changes. (cannot become cancer) Ex. early changes in persons with GERD. Bronchial tubes in smokers. One way that cells can react to a persistant stressor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the adaptive cell change:
Actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure. These cells may appear as an early change that can lead to cancer. Ex. lung tissue of infants with premature BPD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Cellular suicide" Programmed cell death due to damaged genetic material or mutation, old age of the cell, attempt to decrease the actual number of cells. Death occurs because of enzyme reactions. "Clean way of dying" no spillage occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorderly process associated with inflammation. Death of cells related to cellular injury. Injury causes damange ot cellular structures which depletes ATP. Without ATP, plasma cell membrane is disrupted by swelling & loss of barrier results in spilling of cellular contents from within the cell. Enzymes released and WBC's are attracted to the area. Local inflammation and death of cells occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is triggered by tissue injury and is seesential for healing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three major goals of this are the following:
1. Increase blood flow to the site of injury (vascular response)
2. Alert the products of healing to attend to the site of injury (cellular response)
3. Remove injured tissueand prepare the site for healing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 goals of acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. Increase blood flow to the site of injury (vascular response)
2. Alert the products of healing to attend to teh site of injury (cellular response)
3. Remove the injured tiusse and prepare the site for healing |
|
|
Term
| Vascular response is involved in what kind of inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the 2 changes in vascular response with regards to acute inflammation. |
|
Definition
1. Blood vessels dilate to accommodate increased blood flow
2. Lining of the blood vessels becomes more permeable (leaky) to allow cells to easily move from the vessel into the injured tissue |
|
|
Term
| The loosening of the blood vessel must occur with what two components in acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. Endothelial cells (form tight junction within the inner lining of BV's)
2. Basement Membrane (forms the outer membrane of BV's which seperates it from the tissues of the body) |
|
|
Term
| Increase blood and fluid are needed at the site of injury in acute inflammation because of what 2 reasons? |
|
Definition
1. Blood is composed of cells active in phagocytosis (needed to engulf and remove harmful agents) also includes cells that promote healing & developing immunity
2. Increased fluid dilutes harmful substances @ site of injury |
|
|
Term
| Vascular response is orchestrated by _____ _______ which facilitate the process of widening and loosening of the blood vessels at the site of injury. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ ________'s are located in the blood plasma & many cells including platelets, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, endothelial cells, monocytes, & macrophages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells most often produce and release inflammatory mediators in the acute inflammation response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes that are housed in the CT of the body and near all blood vessels. Their location allows for a rapid response directly at the site of the injury. Similar to having emergency responders trained in all neighborhoods. Responsible for the production and release of of inflammatory mediators through degranulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mast cell breaks apart and releases inflammatory mediators in the form of extracellular granules. What is this process known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other WBC functions similarly to the Mast Cells? Also, identify how it reacts. (acute inflammation) |
|
Definition
| Basophils. These cells are located close to all blood vessels. They are responsible for production and release of immediate inflammatory mediators. They do this through the process of degranulation in which they break apart & release mediators in the form of extracellular granules. |
|
|
Term
Identify which cell releases the following inflammatory mediators in the acute inflammation response:
Histamine, leukotrines, and prostaglandins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 3 inflammatory mediators released by Mast Cells |
|
Definition
Histamine
Leukotrines
Prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| Mast cells secrete what factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than a hundred distinct cell proteins often found within WBC's that have a vital role in regulating inflammation. They are active from the onset of vasodilation and increased vascular permeability to the resolution of the inflammatory response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some inflammatory mediators found in platelets? |
|
Definition
Seratonin (causes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability for quick response)
Histamine (functions similarly to seratonin) |
|
|
Term
| What inflammatory mediators do injured cells release? (acute inflammation) This is a complex lipid stored in cell membranes inlcuding those of endothelial cells that line blood vessels & other types of cells that can be injured. Also what does this do? |
|
Definition
| Platelet activating factor. This promotes vessel vasodilation, clotting, and attracting infection fight WBC's to the site of injury. |
|
|
Term
| Substance derived from the injured cell's plasma membrane that generates various inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins/lipoxins/leukotrines/thromboxane. These are active in the processes of vasodilation/vasconstriction, vascular permeability, bronchodilation and constriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highly effective group of anti-inflammatory drugs that work to block the production of arachidonic acid, therby decreasing the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 pathways that are responsible for the activation and deactivation of inflammatory mediators that circulate in the plasma in acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
1. Complement
2. Kinin
3. Clotting factor |
|
|
Term
| These 3 pathways gather at the site of injury and stop blood flow and begin the healing process |
|
Definition
| Complement, kinin, clotting factor |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps needed for a successful cellular response in acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
| chemotaxis, cellular adherence, cellular migration |
|
|
Term
| Which cells have histamine receptors? |
|
Definition
| Endothelial cells which when contacted with histamine, contract and cause capillaries to become leaky. |
|
|
Term
| After capillaries become leaky, what happens next? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils go after the chemotactic factor that is secreted by the Mast Cells to reach the site of the injury. |
|
|
Term
| Who do dead neutrophils call for? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages to begin the cleaning of the injury site. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
Redness (erythema)
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of Function |
|
|
Term
| What are some general manifestations of acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
LOCAL: 5 Cardinal Signs
Lymphadenitis
SYSTEMIC: Pyrexia
Leukocytosis, Anorexia, Malaise
Higher % of Circulating Plasma Proteins
|
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for controlling body temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates nociceptors (pain factor) in acute inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of lab findings would we expect with an acute infection? |
|
Definition
Leukocytosis (10,000 m/m3 or greater) - especially neutrophils because you need lots of neutrophils for acute inflammation
Increased bands (immature neutrophils) this is because the mature neutrophils (segmented) are being used in the response.
Increased plasma proteins (fibrinogens and prothrombins) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of wound healing? |
|
Definition
Inflammatory Phase
Proliferative Phase
Remodeling/Restorative Phase |
|
|
Term
Identify the phase of healing:
Acute inflammatory response
Cover the Wound: hemostasis, thrombus forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the phase of healing:
Cleaning of debris
Restoration of structural integrety - granulation tissue formation, extracellular matrix is restored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important cells that produce and replace the CT layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These actively manufacture and secrete collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This helps to fill int eh gaps left after the removal of damaged tissue. Excess production of this leads to tissue fibrosis and can result in scarring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This allows stretching and recoil of tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the phase of healing:
Restoration of functional integrity (resolution, regeneration, replacement)
Maturation of cells
Degradation of provisional matrix |
|
Definition
| Remodeling/restorative phase |
|
|
Term
Identify the phase of healing:
During this phase a provisional matrix is created & macrophage activity converts this into granulation tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors promote wound healing? |
|
Definition
| Youth, good nutrition, adequte hemoglobin, effective circulation, clean undisturbed wound, no infection or further trauma to the site |
|
|
Term
| Healing in response to mild injury |
|
Definition
| Resolution (Remodeling/restorative phase) |
|
|
Term
| _______of paranchymal tissues can occur only in cells that undego mitotic division. Accomplished through proliferation differention and diapedisis |
|
Definition
| Regeneration (Remodeling/restorative phase) |
|
|
Term
| __________ through the production of scar tissue occurs in extensive wounds and when regeneration is not possible |
|
Definition
| Replacement (Remodeling/restorative phase) |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are most important in wound healing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When permanent cells (neurons, cardiac myocytes, lens of eye) are damaged; functional tissue is replaced with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the following?
Infection, ulceration, dehiscence, adhesions, keloid |
|
Definition
| Complications of wound healing |
|
|
Term
Primary or secondary intention?
wound is basically closed with all areas of the wound connecting and healing simultaneously. Infection risk is reduced and scarring is minimal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primary or secondary intention?
Wounds heal from the bottom up. Process is slow and more involved. Greater risk of infection and increased risk of scarring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A persistent or recurring state of inflammation lasting several weeks or longer (generally greater than 6 months) |
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Definition
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Term
| This state occurs when the acute inflammatory and immune responses are unsuccessful |
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Definition
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Term
| Longer lasting activity of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the cells of chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| Monocytes circulate in the blood to the site of injury. As they mature into macrophages, the produce proteinases and fibroblasts. Pros destroy elastin and other tissue components (responsible for tissue destruction at and near site of injury) Fibros develop collagen which contributes to extensive scarring. |
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Term
| What do macrophages produce during chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
Proteinases: destroy tissue at and near site of injury
Fibroblasts: responsible for collagen development, leads to extensive scarring |
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Term
| What common disease is one that results in granuloma formation? |
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Definition
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Term
Nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances. These form when the injury is too difficult to control by the usual inflammatory and immune mechanisms. These protect healthy,unaffected tissue from further damage.
What is is regulated by? What kind of inflammation is related to this? |
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Definition
Regulated by macrophages
Chronic Inflammation |
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Term
| What are the 3 major types/general characterstics of chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
Tissue destruction
Granuloma formation
Scar tissue formation |
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Term
| Macrophages adapt into these. They engulf particles much larger than the typical macrophage. |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrophages can also develop into these that gather and contain smaller substances by forming a wall or fibrotic granuloma |
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Definition
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Term
| What remains after necrosis diffuses through the granuloma wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some general manifestations of chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
During a flare-up, same symptoms as acute inflammation
Systemic: fever, malaise, anemia, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, weakness |
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Term
| Chronic inflammatory process in the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| This disease is recurrent and characterized by granulomatous inflammatory process. Can be found anywhere along the GI tract. Between affected areas of intestine is unaffected, noninflamed bowel tissue. Edema and fibrosis occur along with granuloma formation. (interior surface thickens) Ulcers can also form which create fistulas. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main concerns with Crohns disease? |
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Definition
Malnutrition from the inability to properly absorb nutrients
Massive Infection leading to shock from total bowel obstruction and perfortation |
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Term
| Chronic inflammation of the colon |
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Definition
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Term
| This disease is found exclusively in the large intestine and does not affect other areas of the GI tract. |
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Definition
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Term
| This disease typically begins in the distal region of the rectum and extends up the descending colon. This disease process is continuous and does not skip any areas. Causes friablity (state where tissue readily bleeds) Hemmorrhagic lesions are created. Extensive exudate, necrosis, ulceration. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main concerns with ulcerative colitis? |
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Definition
| Impaired water and electrolyte absorption |
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Term
What type of lymphoid organs are the following?
Bone marrow, thymus |
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Definition
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Term
What type of lymphoid organs are the following?
Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid mucosal tissue (tonsils, appendix, peyers patches) |
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Definition
| Peripheral lymphoid organs. |
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Term
Adaptive immunity is characterized by what 2 factors?
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Definition
Specificity: the immune cells seek out and destroy targeted foreign invaders
Memory: the immune cells produce substances that remember and more easily destroy return offenders |
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Term
| Initial, rapid response to foreign invaders; nonspecific response associated with inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
Innate or Adaptive?
macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells are the primary cell types |
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Definition
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Term
Innate or Adaptive?
Humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity are what types of immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
Innate or Adaptive?
B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells are the primary cell types |
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Definition
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Term
| Immune cells of ________ immunity have a common origin in the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two cell precursor types for adaptive immunity in stem cells. What are these? |
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Definition
Lymphoid progenitor
Myeloid progenitor |
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Term
| NK cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes are derived from what kind of cell type? |
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Definition
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Term
| Monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and mast cells are derived from what type of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do T cells mature and fully differentiate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do B cells originate and mature? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of T lymphocyte:
Direct destruction of antigen carrying cells |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of T lymphocyte:
Enhance humoral and cell mediated response of the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of T lymphocyte:
Inhibit humoral and cell-mediated responses |
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Definition
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Term
| Each T lymphocyte has a unique ___________ which is able to bind to antigens, promoting a specific immune response |
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Definition
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Term
| Adaptive immunity involving antibodies. Includes all immunoglobulins. Includes the process of activation and differentiation of naive lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do B lymphocytes become activated? |
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Definition
| B lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the peripheral lymphoid tissues where they become activated after contact with an antigen |
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Term
| Binding of the ______ with the B lymphocytes stimulates differentiation of B lymphocytes into antibody secreting plasma cells. B lymphocytes recognize these due to the _________ bound to the cell membrane of the B lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| After antigen BCR binding, B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells which proliferate and begin to produce and secrete large quantities of __________ that target __________. |
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Definition
| Antibodies; the specific antigen bound to the BCR. |
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Term
| The secreted antibody from B lymphocytes is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do T lymphocytes mature and fully differentiate? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the immunoglobulin:
Found in secretions such as breastmilk, tears, and saliva |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the immunoglobulin:
Most common antibody in the blood. Produced in primary and secondary immune response. Activate complement. Transferred from mother to fetus through the placenta. |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the immunoglobulin:
First to increase in immune response. Activates complement. Newborns are capable of producing. ABO blood type reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the immunoglobulin:
Attaches to and activates B cells |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the immunoglobulin:
Bound to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes. Allergic immune response and inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large granular lymphocytes. These are not antigen specific. They circulate until they come into contact with cells they can recognize as a threat such as infected cells or tumor cells. They then attack and kill these cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| In lab values for first exposure, why is there a lag in IgG response? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the method in which we use antibodies:
Binds to the antigen and prevents the antigen from infecting cells |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the method in which we use antibodies:
Covers the surface of the antigen with antibody. Flags cell for the phagocyte & is engulfed. |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the method in which we use antibodies:
Antibodies bind to pathogens and make them stick together. This group becomes heavy and sinks and phagocytes come and clean them up. |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the method in which we use antibodies:
IgG sticks to the microbe and calls for the complement system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are also known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the granulocyte:
Present in the greatest numner and are most important in the rapid response to bacterial infection. "first responders in inflammatory response" |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the granulocyte:
Greatest protection against parasites |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the granulocyte:
Complement the action of the mast cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes monocytes to become macrophages? |
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Definition
| They mature after contact with antigen. This causes mvmt out of circulation into tissues |
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Term
| First responder to insult. This immune response is rapid and can be initiated by many different pathogens without requiring prior exposure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Includes humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Occurs over a lifetime, promoting the body'sability to adapt to the threat of reinfection |
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Definition
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Term
| In innate immunity, what cells are responsible for recognizing antigen & stimulating phagocytosis. Also known as antigen-presenting cells |
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Definition
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Term
| In innate immunity these cells are key in recognizing particles as nonself & then initiating the activity of the adaptive immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Specificity, Diversity, Memory, Self and Non self recognition are important components of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of adaptive immunity:
Pathogens/Antigens come from the outside. Your body makes antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of adaptive immunity:
Vaccines. You are not actually sick but it stimulates your body to produce antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of adaptive immunity:
Antibodies are given to you. Your body did not create these. Ex. babies drink breast milk and are given IgG |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of adaptive immunity:
Antibody given as a shot. Ex. rabies shot (immunoglobin) or tetnus shot. Given pre-formed antibody. |
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Definition
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Term
| Effector cells (plasma cells that secrete antibodies, formerly B lymphocytes) may continue to exist after antigen is eliminated. These are known as what? |
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Definition
| Memory cells. Important in immunologic memory |
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Term
| Antibodies are key in this type of immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell mediated immunity deals with mainly what cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell-mediated immunity falls mainly under what level of immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of immunity deals with the recognition and destruction of cells carrying nonself antigen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells recognize _______ inside cells where they cannot be recognized by ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cytotoxic T cells prevent the spread/replication of viruses? |
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Definition
| They recognize viruses displayed on the cells surface and kill them before viral replication is complete; preventing the spread of infection |
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Term
| Many pathogens have multiple variations of antigens making recognation by T and B lymphocytes difficult |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common example of antigenic variation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigens commonly considered to be harmless |
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Definition
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Term
| Disorders that result from excessive immune responses to allergens |
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Definition
| Hypersensitivity (4 types) |
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Term
Identify the type of hypersensitivity reaction:
Allergic reactions. IgE overproduction after the first exposure to the antigen (mst cells and basophils sensitization). Large quantity of inflammatory mediators are released upon subsequent exposures (histamine, others) Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, itching, watery eyes |
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Definition
| Type 1: immediate hypersensitivity |
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Term
Identify the type of hypersensitivity reaction:
Usually harmless substances are identified as harmful. IgG or IgM binds to antigens on the cell surface. Tissue damage occurs. Ex. hemolytic blood transfusion reaction, graves disease. Can cause anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. |
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Definition
| Type 2: Antibody mediated reactions/Tissue specific |
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Term
Identify the type of hypersensitivity reaction:
Complement system activation. Immune complex activation causes altered blood flow, vascular permeability, & response of inflammatory cells causes damage to blood vessels/organs. Targeted against soluble antigens. Antigen floating in blood/tissue and antibody sticks to it & clumps. Neutrophils activate inflamm response. Ex. lupus, kidney disease, pleuritis, serum sickness, pericarditis |
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Definition
| Type 3: Immune complex mediated reaction |
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Term
Identify the type of hypersensitivity reaction:
First exposure T cells are sensitized. Subsequent T cell presents antigen on cell surface. T helper cells recognizes and begins to react.
Ex. poison ivy, metals, hashimoto, MS, type 1 diabetes, chronic graft rejection |
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Definition
| Type 4: cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction |
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Term
The following examples are what kind of disorders?
Hashimoto, Graves, Type 1 Diabetes, System Lupus |
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Definition
| Autoimmune disorders (fails to distinguish self from nonself) |
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Term
| Immunodeficiency can be Primary or Secondary. Explain both. |
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Definition
Primary: developmental failure (born w/o something)
Secondary: lossof immune response to secondary specific causes (splenectomy, steroid/immunosuppress treatment, HIV/AIDS)
Also opportunistic infections like candida albicans. |
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Term
Identify the Rejection classification:
Rejection that occurs immediately after graft takes place. Bad tissue match. Tissue specific hypersensitivity |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the Rejection classification:
Rejection after several weeks. Cell mediated immune response. Immunosuppress is treatment |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the Rejection classification:
Rejection after months and years. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity response. Gradual hardening of blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| These require hosts for metabolism and reporduction |
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Definition
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Term
| These live on hosts but can survive independently |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to cause disease, pathogens must what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathogens damage host cells by what 3 ways? |
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Definition
Direct destruction
Interfere with metabolic function of the host cells
Expose host cells with toxins |
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Term
| Normal flora can become pathogenic when? |
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Definition
| When the host is immunocompromised. Opportunisitc infection because it doesn't normally cause disease but does when it has the opportunity |
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Term
| Where are endotoxins found? Another name for them? When are they released? |
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Definition
| Gram negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer. Released when this layer is broken/lysed (with cell wall) This causes an inflammatory response when exposed. |
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Term
| What are some factors in bacteria that can aid in pathogenicity? |
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Definition
Capsule (slime layer) - increased protection from phagocytosis
Fimbriae - aids in attachement to cell
Endotoxin - LPS layer in gram negatives
Exotoxin - gram postitives, result in tissue damage of host cells. (neurotoxin, enterotoxin) |
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Term
| What is unique about rikettsiae, mycoplasmas, and chlamydiae? |
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Definition
| Characterstics of both bacteria and viruses. |
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Term
| What is septic shock caused by? |
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Definition
| Septicemia; massive vasodilation & extremely low BP. Leads to death |
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Term
| What are some factors that increase susceptibility to infections? |
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Definition
| Malnutrition, stress, immunodeficiency, chronic disease, heavy antibiotic use, immunosuppresants, surgery |
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Term
| How do viruses infect us? |
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Definition
| Must gain access to other cells. Has to attack otherwise it cannot inject and multiply. After multiplication it lyses and goes out. Our antibodies can recognize and kill it by phagocytosis. Must reinfect quickly to replicate. |
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Term
| Why are antivirals not needed for a cold? |
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Definition
| Once virus is out it is killed by immune cells. |
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Term
| When is transmission of a communicable disease greatest? |
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Definition
| During the incubation period |
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Term
| What are some common manifestations of acute infection? |
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Definition
Site dependent (local): pain, heat, redness, swelling, pus, loss of function, lymphadenopathy, tissue necrosis, vomiting, diarrhea
Systemic: Fever, malaise, weakness, anorexia, headache, nausea |
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Term
| What are some lab findings with infection? |
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Definition
Leukocytosis or leukopenia
Increased IgM (no memory)
Elevated IgG if previous infection (has memory) lag if not previous infection because it must be activated. |
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Term
| What can lead to chronic or overwhelming infection? |
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Definition
| Inadequate immune defenses or inadequate treatment. |
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Term
| Defined as an infection that lasts for several weeks to years |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two routes of transmission for hep? |
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Definition
Oral fecal
Blood & body fluids |
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Term
| Hepatic failure from severe acute infection is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
End stage liver disease marked by interference of blood flow to the liver and widespread hepatocyte damage.
Impaired blood flow = excaberates hypoxia of hepatocytes; causes blood & bile backup; obstructs blood flow from portal circulation.
Leads to liver failure or death |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of viral hep? |
|
Definition
Prodrome
Icterus
Recovery |
|
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Term
| Marked by the onset of jaundice, dark urine, clay colored stool 2 weeks after exposure to virus. Liver is large and tender. (Phase lasts 2-6 weeks) |
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Definition
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