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| The application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions. Someone using the sociological imagination “thinks himself away” from the familiar routines of daily life. Connects the personal to the public |
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The underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave and in their relationships with one another
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| idea that humanity has created rules, laws, and ideas that give order |
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ability to take action, power to change things
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| the social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self. Although socialization processes are particularly significant in infancy and childhood, they continue to some degree throughout life. No individuals are immune from the reactions of others around them, which influence and modify their behavior at all phases of the life course |
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termed coined by Auguste Comte
social scientists who studied people interactions within one culture |
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· the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individually
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| the specialization of work tasks, by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system. |
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· a concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
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| an economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit |
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| a concept used by Weber to refer to the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world |
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· the theoretical approach in sociology developed by George Herbert Mead, which emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction
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· a theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform- that is, the contribution they make to the continuity of a society
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the study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction
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| The study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems |
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· ideas or guesses about a given state of affairs, put forward as bases for empirical testing
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| a dimension along which an object, individual, or group may be categorized. |
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| a variable that causally affects another |
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| a variable causally influenced by another |
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| the firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing |
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· a method of research widely used in sociology and anthropology, in which the researcher takes part in the activities of the group or community being studied
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| study of people in their natural world |
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| a method of sociological research in which questionnaires are administered to the population being studied |
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| the people who are the focus of social research |
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| a small proportion of a larger population |
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| a list of everyone in the population |
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| Types of nonprobability sampling |
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1. haphazard/ convenience
2. quota
3. purposive
4. snowball
4. snowball |
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| haphazard/ convenience sampling |
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| touch upon a certain percentage of all categories |
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| seek out people who you want to speak to |
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| survey a person and then ask them if they know anyone else that can be surveyed |
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| types of probability sampling |
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1. random
2. systematic
3. stratified |
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| everyone has an equal chance of being chosen |
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| use the same number over again |
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| make sure you are accurately representing each subcategory of society |
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limit of people who we are actually studying
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| measures of central tendency |
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| the ways of calculating averages |
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| a statistical measure of central tendency, or average, based on dividing the total by the number of individual cases |
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| the number that appears most often in a given set of data. |
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| the number that falls halfway in a range of numbers |
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| start with data collecting |
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| start with hypothesis, then you gather data, then either accept or reject hypothesis |
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| institutional review board |
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| Before doing research this committee will overview methods and make sure that it is ethical |
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| if same survey was conducted with a different sample how much variance there would be ( +- 5%) |
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| telling the participants of a research project the purpose of the study and obtain their permission. Ethics. |
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Sociological Imagination à examines the relationship between personal and public / man and society / biography and history / self and world
· We need to understand both components!
3 Questions:
1. What’s the structure of society? (descriptive)
2. Where does it stand in history? (comparative)
3. Who prevails in society? (power)
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| the tools to produce commodities |
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| capitalist class, owned the means of production (tools to produce things) |
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· Capitalism- social and economic set of relationships
· Mode of production
· Feudalism preceded capitalism (major change in classes and relationships)
2 classes:
1. bourgeoisie- capitalist class, owned the means of production (tools to produce things)
2. Proletariat – workers
· New ways of producing, distributing, classes
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Rationalization- people obtain status in society by rational means (people earn positions through qualifications)
· How cultural change shifted capitalism
· Transformation from catholic church to protestant church came before capitalism
Eventually money brings about temptations à work ethic maintains, but without the same reasons
Christian ‘calling’ à puritans called to work --? ‘iron cage’ à can’t get out of the feeling we always need to work
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people obtain status in society by rational means (people earn positions through qualifications)
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microlevel sociology
social types
the stranger |
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| there are different types of people that are reoccuring |
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symbolic interactionism
dramaturgical perspective |
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| how people understand who you are |
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| anticipatory socialization |
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| before starting a new role (ex. Job) you begin to change yourself (ex. Way to dress and act) |
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types of social organization
social facts |
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| jobs that all look the same (example: wagon wheel) |
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| complex and different jobs (Example: a human body) |
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| the passing of important values in a society down through generation |
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