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| Four Steps of The Scientific Method |
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Definition
1. Have a theory or idea
2. Articulate a specific hypothesis
3. Conduct the study
4. Make a conclusion |
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| Organized set of assumptions or premises based on logic, observation, and/or a set of facts. |
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| The idea that "advanced" organisms evolved from "less advanced" organisms. |
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| Life is too complicated and complex to have happened by chance (or by evolution), thus a "supreme power" must have caused life to begin, including the creation of the universe. Does not qualify as a theory, but rather as a belief or opinion. |
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| When two (or more) variables covary together, or are related, or are associated with each other, or are correlated. |
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| Explains or causes both variables in an experiment. |
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| One variable (dependent variable) is test to be caused by another variable (independent variable) |
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| Subjects who participate in research projects |
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| The group of subjects that receive the treatment. |
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| The group that does not receive the treatment |
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| When participants are not permitted to select the group in which they would like to be. |
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| Variables that might cause us to misinterpret the meaning of our results because the confound variables themselves might be explaining our findings. |
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| When neither the tester or the participant know which group is the control and which is the experimental. |
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| Paper and pencil questionnaires or interviews that simply ask individuals a variety of questions. |
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Term
| 3 Limitations of The Survey Method |
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Definition
1. Honesty
2. Distorted memories, unrealistic self-perceptions, and not being fully aware of how they really feel on certain topics.
3. Question phrasing |
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Term
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Definition
| Intensely studying one (or a handful) of individuals on a casse by ase basis, obtaining a relatively large amount of information about the subject. |
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| Naturalistic-Observation Method |
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| Where subjects are merely "observed" in their own natural environment with the goal being to simply describe and possibly understand behavior, NOT determine causality or correlation. |
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| When subjects react when discovering they are being observed. |
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| The selection process for finding participants |
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| Groups of people that share a specific trait in common |
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| Where each member of a specific population of interest has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study |
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| Stratified Random Sampling |
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Definition
| Reflect the influences of different types of people within a population of interest (such as ethnicity) |
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| Refers to when the findings from a particular study generalize or apply to other people in the population of interest. |
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| When the probablitiy of any particular member fomm a population of interest being selected to participate in a study is unknown. |
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| "Take em wherever you find em" technique for selecting participants |
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| Similar to stratified random sampling, but not random |
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| Refers to our tendency to actively seek information that confims our beliefs and idea while simultaneously ignoring or discounting information |
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| To get more certainty if behavioral phenomena observed among Americans occur with more, less, or equal frequency among people outside the United States. |
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| Advise psychologists on how to conduct themselves in the contexts of research, assessment and testing, psychotherapy, and even teaching. |
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Definition
| Individuals must be told prior to agreeing to participate what the study is about, what will be expected of them, and whether or not there is any possibility of harm occurring as a result of their participation. |
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| Research on Nonhuman Animals |
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Definition
| Sometimes less-than-humane procedures unpermitted to be performed on humans. |
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