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Exam Numnber 3
Reds words and meanings
133
Management
Undergraduate 3
10/17/2012

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Cards

Term
Organizational Change
Definition
The adoption of new idea or behaviro by an organization
Term
Disruptive Innovation
Definition
Innovation in products, services or processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implantation of innovation
Term
Ambidextrous approach
Definition
Incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both creative impulse and for the systematic implantation of innovation
Term
Product Change
Definition
Organization's product or service outputs
Term
Technology Change
Definition
Organization's production process how the organization does its work
Term
Creativity
Definition
To the generation of novel ideas that might meet perceived needs or respond to opporutnities for the orgnaizaiton
Term
Idea Incubator
Definition
Another popular way to encourage new ideas within the organizaiton
Term
Horizatonal model
Definition
That the research, manufacturing and sales and marketing departments within an organization simulataneously contribute to new products and technologies
Term
Fast-Cycle Team
Definition
Multifunctional, and sometimes multinational team that works under stringent timelines and is provided with high levels of resources and empowerment to accomplish an accelerated product development project
Term
Open Innovation
Definition
Extending the search for an commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the orgnaiztion and even beyond the boundaries of the industry
Term
Idea Champion
Definition
Person who sees the need for the organization that is responsible for developing and initiationg a major innovation
Term
Skunk Works
Definition
Separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on break through ideas for the business
Term
New Venture Fund
Definition
Provides resources from whcih individuals and groups can draw to develop new ideas, products, or business
Term
People Change
Definition
Just a few employees
Term
Culture Change
Definition
Pertains to the organization as a whole
Term
Organization Development (OD)
Definition
Is a planned, systematic process  of change that uses behavioral science knowledge and techniques to improve an organization's health and effectiveness through its abiility to adapt to the environment, improve internal relationship and increase learning and problem solving capabilities
Term
Large Group Intervention
Definition
Approach brings together participants from all parts of the organization; often including key stakeholders from outside the organization as well to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for change
Term
Unfreezing
Definition
Make people throughout the organization aware of problems and the need for change
Term
Change Agent
Definition
An Organization Development specialist who perform a systematic diagnosis of the organization and identifies work-related problems
Term
Changing
Definition
Occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace
Term
Refreezing
Definition
Occurs when individuals acquire new attitudes or values and are reward for them by the organization
Term
Need for change
Definition
Disparity between existing and desired performance levels
Term
Force-field analysis
Definition
Grew from the work of Kurt Lewin, who proposed that change was a result for the competition between driving and restraining force
Term
Companies that successfully innovate usually have the following
Definition

1. People in marketing have a good understanding of customer needs

2. Technical specialists are aware of recent technological development and make effective use of new technology.

3. Members from key departments--research, manufacturing, marketing--cooperate in the development of the new product or service

Term
Organization Development can help managers address at least three types of current problems
Definition

1. Mergers and Acquistions

2. Organizaitonal Decline and Revitalization

3. Conflict Management

Term
3 of the most popular and effective are following
Definition

1. Team building activities

2. Survey feedback activities

3. Large-group intervention

Term
Organizaiton Development propose 3 distinct stage for achieving behavioral and attitudinal changes
Definition

1. Unfreezing

2 Changing

3. Refreezing

Term
Manufacturing company management's analysis showed that the driving force (opportunities associated with the implementation of Just In Time were
Definition

1. The large cost saving from reduced inventories

2. Saving from needing fewer workers to handle the inventory

3. A quicker, more competitive market repsonse for the company

Term
Restraining Force (barriers) discovered by managers were
Definition

1. A frieght systems that was too slow to deliver inventory on time

2. A facility layout that emphasized inventory maintenance over a new deliveries

3. Worker skills in appropriate for handling reapid inventory deployment

4. Union resistance to loos jobs

Term
Exploration
Definition
Involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas
Term
Cooperation
Definition
Creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing
Term
Entrepreneurship
Definition
Managers put in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation
Term
Crowdsourcing
Definition
The internet has a made it possible for companies to tap into ideas, from around the world and let hundreds of thousands of people contribute to the innovation process, which is why some approaches to open innovation
Term
Innventor
Definition
Comes up with a new idea and understands its technical value but has neither the ability nor the interest to promote it for acceptance within the organization
Term
Champion
Definition
Believes in the ideas, confronts the organizational realisities of costs and benefits and gains the political and financial support needed to bring it to reality
Term
Sponsor
Definition
Is a high-level manager who approves the idea, protects the idea, and removes major organizational barriers to acceptance
Term
Critic
Definition
Counterbalance the zeal of the champion by challenging the concept and providing a reality test against hard nosed criteria
Term
Communication and Education
Definition
Used when solid information about the change is needed by users and others who may resist implementation
Term
Participation
Definition
Users and potential resisters in desinging the change; Time consuming, but it pays off because users understand and become committed to the change
Term
Negtiation
Definition

Is a more  formal means of achieving cooperation

Uses formal bargaining to wind acceptance and approval of desired change

Term
Coercion
Definition
Managers use formal power to force employees to change
Term
Top Management Support
Definition
Symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization
Term
Human Resource Management
Definition
Design and applicantion of formal systems in an organization to ensure the effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplish organizaitonal goals
Term
Human Capital
Definition
The economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills and capabilities of employees
Term
Discrimination
Definition
Occurs when some applications are hired or promoted based on criteria that are not job relevant
Term
Affirmative actions
Definition
Requries that an employers that positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within protected groups
Term
Contingent Workers
Definition
People who work for an organization, but not on a permanent or full time basis
Term
Telecommuting
Definition
Using computers and telecommunications equipment to do work without going to an office
Term
Matching Model
Definition
Underlying the organization's effort to attract employees is a matching model; the organization and the individual attempt to match the needs, interests, and values that they offer each other
Term
Human Resource Planning
Definition
Forecasting human resource needs and the projected matching of individuals with expected vacanices
Term
Recruiting
Definition
Activities or practices that define the characteristics of applicants to whom selection producedures are ultimately applied
Term
Job Analysis
Definition
Systematic process of gathering and interpereting information about the essential duties, tasks, and responsibilities of a job as well as about the context wihtin which the job is performed
Term
Job Description
Definition
Clear and conscise summary of the specific tasks, duties and repsonsiblities
Term
Job Specification
Definition
Outlines the knowledge, skills, education, physical abilities and other characteristics needed to adequately perform the job
Term
Realistic Job Preview
Definition
Gives applicants all pertinent and realistic information, positive and negative about the job and the organization
Term
Selection
Definition
Process, employers assess applicant's characteristic is an attempt to determine the "fit" between the job and applicant characteristics
Term
Applicantion Form
Definition
Used to cleect information about the applicant's education, previous job experience, and other background characteristics
Term
Structured Interview
Definition
Use a set of standardized questions that are asked of every applicant so comaprisons can easily be made
Term
Non-Directive Interviews
Definition
Allow the applicant a great deal of freedom in determining the course of the conversation, with the interviewer taking care not to influence the person's remarks
Term
Panel Interview
Definition
Which the candidate meets with several interviewers who take turns asking questions
Term
Employment Tests
Definition
May include cognitive ability test, physical ability test, personality inventories and other assessments
Term
Assessment Centers
Definition
Present a series of managerial situations to groups of appplications over a two or three day period
Term
Work Sample Test
Definition
Some organizations use this technique for front line employees as well by administering; require an applicants to complete simulated tasks that are a part of the desired job
Term
On The Job Training
Definition
Experienced employee is ask to take a new employee "under his or her wing" and show the newcomer how to perform job duties
Term
Corporate University
Definition
Is an in house training and education faciolity that offers broad-based learning opportunities for employees and frequently for customers, suppliers, and strategic partnerships
Term
Mentoring
Definition
Experienced Employees guides and supports a newcomer or less experienced employee
Term
Coaching
Definition
Method of directing, instructing and training a person with the goal to develop specific management skills
Term
Performance appraisal
Definition
Comprises the steps of boserving and assessing employee performance, recording, the assessment, and providing feedback to the employee
Term
360 Degrees Feedback
Definition
A process that use multiple raters, including self-rating as away to increase awareness of strengths and weaknesses and guide employee development
Term
Stereotyping
Definition
Occurs when a rater places and employee into a class or category based on one or a few traits or characteristics
Term
Halo Effect
Definition
A managers gives an employee the same rating on all dimensions even if his or her performances is good on some dimensions and poor on others
Term
Behaviorally anchored rating Scale (BARS)
Definition
Developed from critical incidents pertaining to job performance
Term
Compensation
Definition

1. all monetary payment

2. All goods or commodities used in lieu of money to reward employees

Term
Job evaluation
Definition
Process of determining the value or worth of jobs within an organization through an examination of job content
Term
Wage and Salary Survey
Definition
That show what others organizations pay incumbents in jobs that match a sample of "key" jobs selected by the organization
Term
Pay for Performance
Definition
Tying at least part of compensation to employee effort and performance, whether it be through merit based pay, bounsues, team incentives, or various gain sharing or profit sharing plans
Term
Rightsizing
Definition
Intentionally reducing the company's workforce to the point where the number of employees is deemed to be right for the company's current situation
Term
Exist Interview
Definition
Interview conducted with departnig employees to determine why they are leaving
Term
Sexual harassment
Definition
Title VII of the Civil Right Act
Term
Employer of Choice
Definition
Is a company that is highly  attractive to potential employees because human resource practices that focus not just on tangible benefits such as pay and profit sharing, but also intagible (work/life balance, a trust-based work climate, and a healthy corporate culture), and that embrace a long-term view to solving  problems
Term
Internal recruiting or promote-from within
Definition
Although we frequently think of campus recruiting as a typical recruiting activities many organization
Term
External Recruiting
Definition
Recruiting newcomers from outside the orgnaization
Term
Affirmative Actions
Definition
Refers to the sue of goals, timetable or other methods in recuriting to promote the hiring, development, and retention of protected groups
Term
E-cruiting
Definition
Applications online, dramatically extends the organization's recruiting reach
Term
Interview
Definition
IS used as a selection technique in almost every job category in nearly every organization
Term
Biographical Interview
Definition
That ask abouty the person's pervious life and work experiences
Term
Behavioral Interviews
Definition
Ask people to describe how they performed a certian task or handled a particular problems
Term
Situational Interview
Definition
That requires people describes how they might handle a hypothetical situation
Term

Computer Based Interview

 

Definition

Some organizations also supplement traditional interviewing information

Requires a candidate to answer a series of multiple choice questions tailored to the specific job

Term
Brain-teaser
Definition
Being used by companies tha put premium on innovativeness and problem solving
Term
In Basket Siulation
Definition
Requires the applicant to play the role of managers who must decide how to respond to ten memos in his or her  in basket wihtin a two hour period
Term
Training and Development
Definition
Programs represent a planned effort by an organization to faciliate employee's learning of job-related skills and behaviors
Term
Development
Definition

Sometimes distinguished from the generl term training

Teaching people brader skills that are not only useful in their present jobs but also prepare them for greater responsiblities in future jobs

Term
Cross Training
Definition
Many place an employee in a new position for a short time as a few hours or for as  long as year, enabling the individual to develop new skills and giving the organization greater flexibility
Term
Performance Review Ranking Systems
Definition
Increasingly coming under fire because it essentially evaluates employees by pitting them against one another
Term
Rank and Yank
Definition
Argue that they are based on subjective judgement produce skewed results, and discriminate against employees who are "different" form the mainstream.
Term
Job Based Pay
Definition

The most common approach  to employee compensation

Linking compensation to the specific tasks and employee perform

Term
Skill based pay systems
Definition
Are becoming increasingly popular in both large and small comanies
Term
Competency based pay
Definition
Skill-based pay systems encourage people  to develop their skills and competencies, thus making them more valueable to the orgaization as well as more employable if they leave their current jobs.
Term
Pay-for-Performance Standards
Definition
To raise productivity and cut labor cost in a competitive global environment
Term

Cafeteria-Plan Benefits packages

 

Definition
That allows employees to select the benefits of greatest value to them
Term
Some current strategic Issues of particular concern to managers include the following
Definition

1. Right people to become more competitive on global basis

2. Right people for improving quality, innovation and customer services

3. Right people  to retain during mergers and acquistions

4. Right people to apply new information technology for e-business

Term
Consider the following list found on a bulletin board at a company undergoing major restructuring
Definition

We cannot promise you how long we will be in business

We cannot promise you what we won't acquired

We cannot promise that there'll be room for promotion

We cannot promise that your job will exist wheny reach retirement age

We cannot promise that the money will be available for your pension

We cannot expect your undying loyalty and we aren't sure we ant it.

Term
Human resource planning begins with several questions
Definition

What new technologies are emerging, and how will these affect the work systems?

What is the volume of the business liekly to be in the next five to ten years

What is the turnover rate, and how much, if any, is avoidable?

Term
The responses to these questions are used to formulate specific questions pertaining to Human Resource activities
Definition

What types of engineers will we need and how many

How many administrative personnel will we needto support the additional engineers

Can we use temporary, part-time or virtual workers to handle some tasks?

Term
Employers should not ask whether the applicant rents or owns his or her own home because
Definition

An applicant's response might adversely affect his or her chances at the job

Minorities and women  may be less likely to own a home

Home ownership is probably unreated to job performance

Term
Human Resource Manager prfessionals concentrate on two things to make perfromance appraisal a positive force in their organization
Definition

1.The accurate assessment of performance through the development and applicantion of assessment systems such as rating scales.

2. Training manages to effectively use the performance approaisal interview so manager can provide feedback that will reinforce good performance and motivate employee development

 

Term
Diversity
Definition
As all the ways in which people differ
Term
Managing Diversity
Definition
A key management skills  in today's global economy, means creating a climate in which the potential advatages of diversity for orgaizational or group performance are maximized while potential disadvatages are minimized
Term
Prejudice
Definition
Tendency to view people  who are ifferent as being deficient
Term
Discrimination
Definition
If someone acts their prejudicial atitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
Rigid, exaggerated, irrational beliefs associated with a partical group of people
Term
Stereotype Threats
Definition
Describe the psychological experience of a person who, when engaged in a task is aware of a stereotype about his or her identity group suggesting that he or she will not perform well on that tasks
Term
Ethnocentrisms
Definition
Belief that one's own group and subculture are inherently superior to other groups and clutures
Term
Monoculture
Definition
Culture that acceptes only one way of doing things and on set of values and beliefs, which can causes problem for minority employees.
Term
Ethorelativism
Definition
Beliefs that groups and subcultures are inherently equal
Term
Pluraism
Definition
Organization accommodates several subcultures
Term
Glass Ceiling
Definition
Invisible barriers that separates women from top management positions
Term
Cutlural Competence
Definition
Is the ability to interact effectively with people of different culture
Term
Mentor
Definition
Higher ranking oranizational member who is committed to providing upward mobility and support to a proteges professional career
Term
Diversity Training
Definition

To help people identify their own cultural boundaries, prejudices, and stereotypes, and develop the skills for managing and working in a diverse workplace

Term
Multiculurtal Teams
Definition

Teams made up of members from diverse national racial, ethnic and cultural backgrounds provide even greater potential for enhanced creativity, innovation, and value in today’s global market place

Term
Employee Network Group
Definition

Are based on social identity such as gender or race, and are organized by employees to focus on concerns of employees from that group

Term

A)     The following statistics illustrate how the work place is changing and challenging frontline managers who are trying to building cohesive teams:

 

Definition

1)      Three generation workforce

 

2)      Aging Workers

 

3)      Growth in Hispanic and Asian Worker

 

4)      Women Out numbering men

 

5)      Growth in foreign born population

 

Term

     The dividends of diversity include the following

 

Definition

1)      Better use of employee talent

 

2)      Increased understanding of the marketplace

 

3)      Enhanced breadth of understanding in leadership positions

 

4)      Increased quality of team problem solving

 

5)      Reduced costs associated with high turnover, absenteeism,  and lawsuits

 

Term

These two different ways of thinking are described below

 

Definition

1)      Stereotypes are often based on folklore, media, portrayals, and other unreliable sources of information

 

2)      Stereotypes contain negative connotations

 

  3)      Stereotypes assume that all members of a group have the same characteristic

 

Term

   Five Steps to Develop Diversity

 

Definition

1)      Uncover diversity problems in the organization

 

2)      Strengthen top management commitments

 

3)      Choose solutions to fit a balanced strategy

 

4)      Demand results and revisit the goals

 

5)      Maintain momentum to change the culture

 

Term
These initiatives may include
Definition

1)      Changing structures and policies

 

2)      Focusing on diversity recruiting

 

3)      Establishing mentor relationships

 

4)      Accommodating special needs

 

5)      Offering training and education

 

Term
Marathon Petroleum created 6 point recruitng strategy to increase diversity
Definition

1)      Recruiting corporate wide and cross functionally

 

2 )      Building relationships with first and second tiered school to recruit minority students

 

3)      Offering internship for racial and ethnic minorities

 

4)      Offering minority scholarships

 

5)      Establishing informal mentoring program

 

6)      Forming affiliations with minority organizations

 

Term
The following list categoriezes various forms of sexual harassment as defined by one university
Definition

1)      Generalized

 

2)      Inappropriate and offensive

 

3)      Solicitation with promise of reward

 

4)      Coercion with threat of punishment

 

5)      Sexual crimes and misdemeanors

 

Term

Opt Out Trend

Definition

In recent years, an ongoing discussion concerns something

 

Term

Diversity Skill Training

Definition

To help people learn how to communicate and work effectively in a diverse environment

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