Term
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Definition
(Emotion Regulation and Broca's area - language production)
• Executive functioning --> high level cognitive skills, self awareness, self control, appropriate social behavior, emotion regulation.
• Broca's area is in the frontal lobes, on the border of temporal lobe. Language production. Expressive aphasia |
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Term
| Parietal Lobe (Sensation) |
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Definition
• Important for sensory processing
• Contributes to memory storage
Specialization, how far or close things are |
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Term
|
Definition
Hal (head, arm, leg)
Over representation for the more demands
• The man in your brain (2motor, 2 sensory) |
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Term
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Definition
Wernikes area
• Important for emotion and memory
• Important for hearing and language
• Part of the brain for language comprehension is in this part of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Connective tissue around CNS
• Provide support and protection
• 3 layers
○ Dura matter
○ Arachnoid matter
○ Pia mater |
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Term
| Dura matter (white part of the orange) |
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Definition
§ Outer layer (endosteal or periosteal) --> attaches to skull
§ Inner layer (meningeal layer) devides brain into compartments
§ These two layers are fused except dual sinus
- Falx cerebri arches over the corpus collosum |
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Term
| Cranial spaces involving the dura matter and blood supply |
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Definition
• Epidural space is potential space superior to the dura
• Subdural space is between the dura matter and the arachnoid |
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Term
Epidural hematoma vs
Subdural hematoma |
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Definition
Epidural hematoma - arterial blood
Subdural hematoma - slow, |
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Term
|
Definition
○ Superior sagittal sinus
○ Inferior sagittal sinus
○ Straight sinus
○ Occipital sinus
○ Inferior sinus
○ Transverse sinus
○ Sigmoid sinus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
• One layer, similar to meningeal layer of the cranial dura
• Layers cover spinal cord, not vertebral canal --> epidural space |
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Term
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Definition
• Vascular loose, blood vessels gain access to tissues.
• Important for astrocytes for choroid plexus, structure for ventricular system. |
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Term
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Definition
• 20% oxygen is delivered to the arteries.
• 5-10 seconds of blood flow interruptions temporal changes in neuronal activity
• 5-20 minutes can lead to permanent damage. |
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Term
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Definition
• Internal carotid
• Vertebral-basilar
• Junction can be a blockage |
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Term
|
Definition
○ Ophthalmic artery
○ Posterior communicating artery
○ Arterial cerebral
○ Middle cerebral --> most common |
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Term
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Definition
• Many branches to the brain stem
• Blood to spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| If part of it blocked, the other parts can circulate the blood anyways. Protective function |
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Term
|
Definition
(Emotion Regulation and Broca's area - language production)
• Executive functioning --> high level cognitive skills, self awareness, self control, appropriate social behavior, emotion regulation.
• Broca's area is in the frontal lobes, on the border of temporal lobe. Language production. Expressive aphasia |
|
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Term
| Parietal Lobe (Sensation) |
|
Definition
• Important for sensory processing
• Contributes to memory storage
Specialization, how far or close things are |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Hal (head, arm, leg)
Over representation for the more demands
• The man in your brain (2motor, 2 sensory) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Wernikes area
• Important for emotion and memory
• Important for hearing and language
• Part of the brain for language comprehension is in this part of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Connective tissue around CNS
• Provide support and protection
• 3 layers
○ Dura matter
○ Arachnoid matter
○ Pia mater |
|
|
Term
| Dura matter (white part of the orange) |
|
Definition
§ Outer layer (endosteal or periosteal) --> attaches to skull
§ Inner layer (meningeal layer) devides brain into compartments
§ These two layers are fused except dual sinus
- Falx cerebri arches over the corpus collosum |
|
|
Term
| Cranial spaces involving the dura matter and blood supply |
|
Definition
• Epidural space is potential space superior to the dura
• Subdural space is between the dura matter and the arachnoid |
|
|
Term
Epidural hematoma vs
Subdural hematoma |
|
Definition
Epidural hematoma - arterial blood
Subdural hematoma - slow, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
○ Superior sagittal sinus
○ Inferior sagittal sinus
○ Straight sinus
○ Occipital sinus
○ Inferior sinus
○ Transverse sinus
○ Sigmoid sinus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
• One layer, similar to meningeal layer of the cranial dura
• Layers cover spinal cord, not vertebral canal --> epidural space |
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Term
|
Definition
• Vascular loose, blood vessels gain access to tissues.
• Important for astrocytes for choroid plexus, structure for ventricular system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• 20% oxygen is delivered to the arteries.
• 5-10 seconds of blood flow interruptions temporal changes in neuronal activity
• 5-20 minutes can lead to permanent damage. |
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Term
|
Definition
• Helps to sort and integrate the information coming in from the body and brain and then get that information to the correct place.
• About 45 cm long in men and 43 cm in women (adult)
• Divided into levels based on the vertebral regions surrounding it
• Levels: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal (31 total)
covered by three layers of meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
the dura mater and the vertebral column called the epidural space. It contains fatty tissue, loose connective tissue, and the venous system, not attached to the bone |
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Term
| conus medullaris and the cauda equina |
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Definition
| Cone tip is conus medularris |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the skins from the level of the spinal cord nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| innervations of muscles by the spinal nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
• 8 cervical segments (includes the cervical enlargement from C4-T1 where the fibers for the upper extremities enter and leave)
• large ventral/anterior horns due to large number of motor neurons dedicated to upper limbs
• White matter also extensive due to all tracts traveling through. |
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Term
|
Definition
• 12 thoracic segments.
• thinner than others, due to smaller
innervation densities of parts of the body served by these segments
• White matter is extensive and gray matter is proportionally small.
• Lateral horns are visible - autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| Lateral horns are visible |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
• 5 lumbar segments
• Proportionally small amount of white matter compared to gray (less information to be conveyed).
• Enlarged ventral and dorsal horns due to number of neurons involved in lower limb management |
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Term
| Sacral and coccygeal sections |
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Definition
• 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal segment.
• Horns large with little white matter
• Distal to this section is the conus medullaris |
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Term
|
Definition
• Posterior median sulcus
• Posterior median septum (extends to gray commissure)
• Posterior lateral sulci (where dorsal roots enter)
• Anterior median fissure (
• Ventral horns
• Dorsal horns
• Intermediate horns
• Posterior intermediate septum
• Anterior lateral sulcus |
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Term
| White matter of the spinal cord (Funiculus) |
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Definition
• Divided into three large divisions (AKA funiculi): posterior, lateral, and anterior
• Each funiculus is further divided into smaller sections called fasciculi. |
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Term
| Gray matter of the spinal cord |
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Definition
• Gray matter contains the cell bodies, which are grouped into clusters called nuclei
• Nuclei extend through multiple segments of the spinal cord, some over the entire length. These are called columns, the entire length of the spinal cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
• Substantia gelatinosa (extends the entire length of the cord)
• Nucleus proprius (ventral to the substantia gelatinosa and also
extends length of the cord)
• Dorsal nucleus (AKA Clarke’s column; present on segments C8-L2. NOTE: Some resources say this goes to L3.
• Intermediolateral cell column (AKA intermediolateral nucleus; found in segments T1 through L2 – associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system)
• Motor neurons (in the ventral/anterior horn) |
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Term
| Another way to think about nuclei |
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Definition
• Intrasegmental – axons terminating in the same spinal segment in which the cell body is located
• Intersegmental – axons ascend or descend in the white matter and terminate in a spinal segment superior or inferior to the spinal segment containing the cell body
• Commissural – Cross from one side of the cord to the side opposite the cell body
• Projection – axons ascend in the white matter to terminate in a CNS location outside the spinal cord (brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon) |
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Term
|
Definition
– axons terminating in the same spinal segment in which the cell body is located
(things happening in my house) reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| – axons ascend or descend in the white matter and terminate in a spinal segment superior or inferior to the spinal segment containing the cell body (talking to its neighbor) relfex |
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Term
|
Definition
– Cross from one side of the cord to the side opposite the cell body
(action opposite side of the street) |
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Term
|
Definition
– axons ascend in the white matter to terminate in a CNS location outside the spinal cord (brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon)
(action much farther away) reflex |
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Term
|
Definition
| associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| Gray matter divided (Rexed Laminae) |
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Definition
• 10 laminae in total, identified using Roman numerals • I-VIareinthedorsalhorn - sensory
• VII in the intermediate zone
• VIII – IX in the ventral horn - motor
• X surrounds the central canal |
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Term
|
Definition
• I – dorsal horn – contains posteromarginal nucleus
• II – dorsal horn – contains substantia gelatinosa
• III, IV – dorsal horn – contains nucleus proprius
• V – neck of the dorsal horn
• VI – base of the dorsal horn
• VII – intermediate zone – Clarke’s nucleus, intermediolateral nucleus
• VIII – ventral horn – commissural nucleus
• IX – ventral horn – motor nuclei
• X – surrounds the central canal |
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Term
|
Definition
(carries information about [fine] light touch, discriminative
somatosensory skills) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (gives information about movement) |
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Term
|
Definition
(to give input to the cerebellum to better allow coordinated
movement) |
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Term
|
Definition
(carries information about pain, temperature, and [crude] light
touch) |
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Term
| Purpose of sensory receptors |
|
Definition
Arousal/alert - flight or flight
Activates reflexes
Transmit information to make decisions
Need information to make decisions
Activated with different types of information |
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Term
|
Definition
External environment in contact with body (has to touch)
They include receptors that transmit information about the external environment through the surface of the body (called exteroceptors), in addition to receptors that transmit information about the muscles and joints (called proprioceptors). |
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Term
|
Definition
In skin
Respond to different types of stimuli
Vary in structure and the type of stimulus to which they respond (e.g. mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptor) |
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Term
|
Definition
(Change shape)
respond to mechanical stimuli that physically change the receptor terminal
Sense our external environment (send to afferent nerve fiber to CNS) |
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Term
|
Definition
(Respond to temperature)
have warm receptors and cold receptors
respond to temperature gradients. Note that they will respond to ONLY cold or warm stimulus, not both
If damaging temperature, can change to pain receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
respond to chemicals in body fluid (blood or saliva).
pain and taste |
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Term
|
Definition
(Pain)
Slowly Adapting
respond to tissue damage.
These are all free nerve endings and are the most numerous and widely distributed receptors in the body. Nociceptors can fall into any category (mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, chemoreceptor) if the input starts to damage tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
Habituated
Receptors can be either rapidly adapting or slowly adapting.
Signal something is happening and then stops sending signals
Rapidly adapting receptors respond to changes in stimuli. They will fire at the onset and offset of stimulation. They help to convey information about changes in intensity and movement of stimuli along receptive fields
Slowly adapting receptors will fire as long as the stimulus is applied. Help keep the CNS constantly apprised of the status of the body (as relates to their specific stimuli) |
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Term
|
Definition
fire as long as stimulus is maintained
slowly adapting |
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Term
|
Definition
receptors fire at the start and end of a stimulus
rapidly adapting |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Epidermis – outer layer (what you see)
• Dermis – next layer down – with connective tissue, hair follicles,
sweat glands
• Hypodermis/subcutaneous – next layer down – with fat and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Simplest type of receptor
• Unmyelinated branched fibers in dermis
• May also wrap around the lower shafts of hair (perifollicular) or form flattened discs that abut against cells (Merkle’s discs)
• Transmit information about touch, temperature, and pain |
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Term
| Encapsulated exteroceptors |
|
Definition
• Many different types. A couple of examples include Meissner’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles.
• These receptors are enclosed in a capsule of supporting cells
Free nerve ending vs. encapsulated exteroceptor |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Four types:
• Thermal – respond to burning heat (above 45 degrees Celsius) and to extreme cold (below 15 degrees Celsius)
• Mechanical – respond to strong mechanical stimulation, including sharp objects
• Chemical – respond to chemicals released by damaged tissue
• Polymodal – respond to combinations of all of the above |
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Term
|
Definition
• Located in the dermis of the skin
• Respond to EITHER warm OR cold stimuli, but not both
• Have both rapidly adapting (temperature change) and slowly adapting aspects |
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Term
|
Definition
| • Hairless (glabrous) skin contains Meissner’s corpuscles and Merkel cells in addition to nociceptors and thermoreceptors |
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Term
|
Definition
• Hairy skin contains perifollicular endings in addition to nociceptors, thermoreceptors, and some Merkel cells
• Unmyelinated nerve endings wrap themselves around hair follicles
• Bending of hair distorts the follicle which deforms the perifollicular
ending. That results in a generator potential.
• Transmit information about one form of touch. This receptor is rapidly adapting. (one signal and done) |
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Term
| Subcutaneous tissue contains |
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Definition
| Pacinian corpuscle and Ruffini’s corpuscle/ending |
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Term
| Meissner’s corpuscles (in papillary dermis) |
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Definition
• Encapsulated mechanoreceptors located in the dermis and at the junction between the dermis and the epidermis
• Most dense on regions of highest tactile sensitivity
• Rapidly adapting
• Contribute to fine tactile discrimination
- object identification in touch in glabrous skin
- fires action potential
- movements allow Na+ to enter |
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Term
|
Definition
• Located in both hairy and hairless skin
• Modified epidermal cell located in the deep layer of the epidermis
• Innervated by a myelinated afferent fiber that synapses as a free nerve ending with the cell
• Slowly adapting mechanoreceptor that responds to sustained light touch
- Epidermal cell modified to be a receptor
- Afferent fiber that synapses
- Slowly adapting |
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Term
| Pacinian corpuscle (deep) |
|
Definition
• Located in the subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin
• Rapidly adapting. Senses pressure and vibration
• Most widely distributed encapsulated mechanoreceptor
- Outer disk spins
- One disk moves past the other allows Na+ to enter
- Afferent nerve fiber generates action potential
- Hypodermis |
|
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Term
| Ruffini’s corpuscle/ending |
|
Definition
- In epidermis
- has Vesicles (pockets of membrane with neuropeptides)
- Force allows liberation of Neuropeptide, will land on receptor allowing Na+ to enter for afferent nerve fiber. Action potential
- Light Touch
• Slowly adapting. Very sensitive to stretch and thus transmits
information about pressure
• Encapsulated receptor located in the subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin
• Consists of multiple, branched |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- Slowly adapting
- Opens a gap for Na+ |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• The size of the receptor field will decide upon the sensitivity in that portion of the skin.
• Areas with smaller receptor fields will be more sensitive and will be able to provide information that can be used to convey detail.
• Meissner’s corpuscles and Merkel cells have small receptive fields
• Pacinian and Ruffini corpuscles have large receptive fields
• Inversely related to innervation density. Larger innervation density = small receptive fields |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Perifollicular - light touch-rapidly adapting-only in hairy skin
nociceptors - pain-slowly adapting
pacinian corpuscle - pressure/vibration - rapidly adapting- in both hairy and glabrous
Need to edit! |
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Term
|
Definition
• Receptors within the body
• They receive stimuli from muscles, tendons, and joints |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Provide information about muscle and joint movement |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Neuromuscular (muscle spindles)
• Neurotendinous (Golgi tendon organs)
• Joint receptors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Extrafusal – this is what you think of when you think of muscles. They are responsible for muscle contraction. (they do the work, cause to move)
• Intrafusal – these DON’T cause muscle contraction. They are part of muscle spindles. (provide information, muscle spindles) |
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Term
|
Definition
• Encapsulated mechanoreceptors found in the muscle bellies of skeletal muscle. Mostly (not completely) slowly adapting.
• Lie parallel to skeletal muscle fibers
• Proportionally, there are more muscle spindles in muscles that are responsible for fine, skilled voluntary movement.
• They give information about length, tension, load on muscles
(More in hands an trunk) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Contains 2-12 intrafusal fibers. They are smaller than extrafusal fibers and their contraction only puts tension on the spindle. That means that they don’t contribute to movement directly.
• Also contains fluid, which gives the spindle a “swollen” look |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Nuclear bag fibers - (Speed, length) are relatively large. They have saclike, nuclei-filled central portions. They are responsive to changes in length and velocity of stretch.
• Nuclear chain fibers - contain a single row (or chain) of nuclei. Attached at their ends to the bag fibers. Sensitive to change in length but do not give information about velocity |
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Term
| Axons and muscle spindles (Sensory or Motor) |
|
Definition
• Muscle spindles are supplied by axons of BOTH sensory and motor neurons
(Motor component keeps them primed) |
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Term
| Axons and muscle spindles - sensory (2) |
|
Definition
• Large myelinated Ia fibers that enter the spindle and terminate around BOTH types of muscle spindles by wrapping around them. Fast conducting and
rapidly adapting.
• Small unmyelinated II fibers that terminate on nuclear chain fibers only. Slow adapting.
• They are sensitive to stretch (Both) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Motor axons:
• Small myelinated axons (gamma motor neurons). They cause the contraction of intrafusal fibers and help to “reset” the muscle spindle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Encapsulated mechanoreceptors found in tendons (specifically at the junction between the muscle and the tendon). Slowly adapting
• Consist of twisted braids of collagen fibers (febrils) intertwined with afferent fibers
• Tension on the tendon (during lengthening or shortening) stretches the Golgi tendon organs
• Very important in the (stretch reflex) which helps protect the muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They cause the contraction of intrafusal fibers and help to “reset” the muscle spindle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They are smaller than extrafusal fibers and their contraction only puts tension on the spindle. That means that they don’t contribute to movement directly. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this is what you think of when you think of muscles. They are responsible for muscle contraction. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• The nuclear bag fibers are better at sensing the ONSET of stretch.
• The nuclear chain fibers will respond more to a SUSTAINED stretch.
• BOTH will respond to a RAPID stretch – this will activate alpha motor neurons and cause a contraction of extrafusal fibers. This is to protect the muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Located in the connective tissue of a joint capsule
• These receptors respond to mechanical deformation that takes place in joint capsule and ligaments.
- techno receptors |
|
|
Term
| Examples of joint receptors |
|
Definition
• Ruffini endings
• active at rest and during joint movement
• Paciniform corpuscles
• respond to movement
• Ligament receptors
• function similarly to Golgi tendon organs
• Free nerve endings
• give information about inflammation and irritation and allow perception of joint pain |
|
|
Term
| Overall course of sensation: |
|
Definition
• Stimulation activates sensory receptor (enteroceptor or proprioceptor so far)
**PNS**
• Signal sent through primary afferent fiber and its ganglion **PNS**
• Signal goes through a prethalamic relay nucleus **CNS**
• Decision - Information to opposite side of brain with exception of cerebellum **CNS**
• Thalamic relay **CNS**
• Cortical target **CNS** |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Also called first-order fibers
• Have peripheral processes which end at the receptors and central processes which enter the CNS
• The primary afferent neurons for somatosensory information have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia
• These make up the peripheral nerve fibers, which join together to form fascicles, which travel within the spinal nerves |
|
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Term
| Peripheral nerve fiber classification |
|
Definition
• Peripheral nerve fibers are classified based on their conduction velocity.
• Conduction velocity is determined by things like fiber diameter, myelination (including thickness), and distance between nodes of Ranvier |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Two types: Ia and Ib (this classification relates to the diameter)
• Both types travel at 70-120 meters per second (fastest fibers)
• Type of information carried: proprioception/stretch from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• II fibers
• Travel at about 30-70 meters per second
• Type of information carried: discriminative touch, pressure, some proprioceptive information (joint rotation, static muscle length) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• II fibers
• Travel at about 15-30 meters per second
• Type of information carried: motor efferents to muscle spindle
(intrafusal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Sharp Pain)
• III fibers
• Travel about 5-30 meters per second
• Type of information carried: Touch, some pain (fast, sharp pain),
some temperature |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Travel about 3-15 meters per second
• Autonomic preganglion axons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(Achie pain, not localized)
• IV fibers
• Unmyelinated
• Travel about 0.6-2.0 meters per second
• Type of information carried: More types of pain (diffuse, slow
pain), some temperature |
|
|
Term
Why is the nerve fiber classification
important? |
|
Definition
Gate theory to interfere with the pain stimulus. Cuts off pain signal through hot, touch, cold.
Cold on C fibers
Pain on Aδ |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- Fasciles
- Epineurium
- Perineurium
- Endoneurium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made up of many axons, bundled together into clusters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • The peripheral nerve as a whole is surrounded by dense tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Within the peripheral nerve, the fascicles are surrounded by tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • And within each fascicle, the individual axons are surrounded by a layer |
|
|
Term
| Causes Peripheral nerves and injury |
|
Definition
- Compression
- Crush Injury
- Penetrating Injuries
- Diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Schwann cells are essential for this regeneration. Which is needed for the regeneration process (oligodendrocytes don’t produce NGF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Damage to a single nerve. Usually due to compression or entrapment (e.g.wrist drop from radial nerve entrapment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Nerve root impingement. From lesion affecting dorsal or ventral root. Common after herniated disc, osteoarthritis, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Caused by damage to one of the plexuses (brachial or lumbar). Obviously this is more extensive. An example of something that can cause this is brachial plexus injury in newborns |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(Stocking-Glove)
• Bilateral damage to more than one peripheral nerve
• One example is stocking-glove polyneuropathy caused by a disease like diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Nerves in the PNS can regenerate IF: |
|
Definition
• Cell bodies aren’t damaged AND the epineurium is intact
• If the perineurium BUT NOT the endoneurium is intact, the prognosis is fair
• If the endoneurium AND perineurium are also intact, the prognosis is very good |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the part with the cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part with the axon terminal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • The distal segment, once it is severed, will die. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • The regrowth of damaged axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second-order neurons
• The prethalamic relay nucleus
Primary --> Secondary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• For somatosensory systems, at least some (if not most/all) of the second-order neurons cross to the contralateral side of the CNS
• This will happen at different levels, depending on the system. Sometimes they cross right away. Sometimes they ascend ipsilaterally before they cross (more on this soon!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• All sensory systems (except olfaction) synapse in the thalamus before they move on to the cerebral cortex
• Each sensory system has its own thalamic nucleus/nuclei
• The cell bodies of the third-order neurons (AKA thalamocortical projection fibers) are located in the relay nuclei of the thalamus
- going to internal capsule in cortex |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral cortex via internal capsule |
|
Definition
• This is the final destination of the third-order neurons
• Each type of third-order neuron travels to a specific part of the cortex. This is the point at which conscious processing of the sensory input is initiated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Posterior spinocerebellar
• Cuneocerebellar
• Anterior spinocerebellar
• Rostral spinocerebellar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – for the emotional experience of pain |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| – for alerting the person and attending to painful stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| – for directing eyes and head toward the source of the pain |
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Term
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Definition
• Spinomesencephalic
• Spinoreticular
• Spinolimbic |
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Term
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Definition
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue
- Pain fibers will send signals when tissue is being damaged |
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Term
| Biological Purpose of Pain |
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Definition
- Signal that tissue damage is occurring.
- Escape potentially harmful stimuli.
- Learned avoidance of potentially harmful stimuli.
- Protection of damaged tissues via immobilization to facilitate healing |
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Term
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Definition
The nervous system will make sure the experience of pain.
It is the only system if cutout, will reestablish itself.
(Remodeling sensation of pain)
- More difficult to treat
- Remodeling of the CNS in response to chronic pain (central sensitization) |
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Term
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Definition
- Mechanical
- Thermal
- Chemical
(all pain sources can damage tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of acute active lesion |
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Term
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Definition
No active lesion, tissue healing may be complete
- Pain is not associated with tissue damage. There is some other factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continued presence of active tissue lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory reception of actual or potential tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
A∂ - First fast pain, high threshold mechanism and thermo-receptors, easy to localize. Myelinated
c - second, slow pain, difficult to localize. Polymodal nociceptors. There is no specialized movement, just a terminal to an axon. No specialized ending. Unmyelinated |
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Term
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Definition
Primary - Maintaining pain as a guard. Pain threshold is now lower to protect the tissue
Secondary - the area around the pain |
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Term
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Definition
| The pain response and level of suffering is out of proportion to the tissue damage. Hurts more than it should. Pain lasts longer. |
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Term
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Definition
Light tough causes pain
fusing of pain A∂ with touch Aß |
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Term
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Definition
- Spinothalamic - tell when something hurts, beginning hint of intensity, and can localize it. Perception, localization, & intensity of pain.
- Spinoreticular - This is where pain actually occurs at the limbic system. Emotions can change the threshold to be higher or lower depending. (Suffering)
- Spinomesencephalic - Ends at superior colliculus for ocular reflex.
Head & eye orientation to painful stimulus
Attention focused on painful stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
The gate theory for the pain inhibitory stimulus
Periaqueductal gray area - sends a message down spinal cord to T-cells to thalamus (hyperpolarize) |
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Term
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Definition
| Generated at afferent nerve endings by tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Generated by lesion along afferent nerve course, without nociceptive input |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS generated without nociceptive input |
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Term
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Definition
Phase I - noxious simulus processing through nociceptive systems
Phase II - prolonged peripheral noxious input produces central enhanced state
phase III - Neuropathic pain |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional and sensory response with a neurotag or neurosignature (motor guarding response) |
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Term
| somatosensory association cortex |
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Definition
What happens here is the combination of somatosensory input with visual input for skills such as body scheme.
(integrate information)
- Posterior to somatosensory cortex --> blending |
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Term
| Unconscious Sensory Processing |
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Definition
• Cerebellum – for timing of movement, posture, smoothness of movement
• Reticular formation in the brainstem from part of the medial pain system. This helps with arousal and alerting response to painful input |
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Term
Brodmann’s areas associated with
somatosensory processing (Area 5) |
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Definition
• Area 5 (posterior to primary somatosensory cortex)
• Gets input from vestibular and motor areas as well as somatosensory cortex.
Believed to contribute to sense of personal and extrapersonal space, along with memories of environment and movement |
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Term
Brodmann’s areas associated with
somatosensory processing (Area 1,2,3) |
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Definition
• Areas 1,2,3 are the primary somatosensory cortex
• 3 is on the edge of the primary motor area. Believed to be important for
perception of proprioception. Probably gets input from vestibular system as well. Appears to be partly responsible for creation of the body map |
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Term
Brodmann’s areas associated with
somatosensory processing (Area 7) |
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Definition
| • Area 7 (posterior to primary somatosensory cortex and area 5) • Important for synthesizing information from somatosensory (espproprioception) and vision for spatial perception |
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Term
| Damage/Abnormalities in Areas 5 and 7 |
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Definition
| • Damage/abnormalities in areas 5 and 7 have been linked to deficits in spatial perception, visual-motor integration and directed attention – common in kids with sensory processing disorders (Srivastava, 2016) |
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