Term
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Definition
| similarity of morphology (organization of limb structure in vertebrates) |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity in embryo morphology and/or pattern of tissue differentiation (i.e. gills) |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity in the DNA sequences of genes from different species |
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Term
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Definition
| similar traits inherited from a similar ancestor |
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Term
| analogous/convergent traits |
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Definition
| Organisms can have similar traits that are not inherited from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| when natural selection leads to similar solutions to similar environmental challenges |
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Term
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Definition
| when individuals with certain alleles and traits produce the most offspring in a population |
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Term
| descent with modification |
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Definition
| the spread of adaptations in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that speciation occurs in spurts |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that rocks are formed in layers from oldest on the bottom to newest on the top |
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Term
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Definition
| a fossil that has been preserved almost completely because it has not decomposed (in non-aerobic environment) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fossil which as been left as a carbon-rich film |
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Term
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Definition
| a fossil that has been left as a cast of the original organism b/c the organism decomposed and left witha hole that was filled w/ dissolved minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| when an organism decayed slowly allowing dissolved minerals to infiltrate the cells gradually and then harden into stone |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that live in certain habitats are more likely to form fossils than organisms in other habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| an organisms structure is relative to its ability to fossilize, organisms w/ hard parts (i.e. shells or bones) are more likely to leave fossil evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| recent fossils are much more common than ancient fossils. the movement of plate tectonics are the reason why |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that are very abundant on Earth and have been there for a long period of time leave more evidence |
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Term
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Definition
4.5 bya - 540 mya
- when the Earth was formed
- Origin of most life alive now
- Prokaryote/Eukarote Split
- Origin of photosynthesis
- Plant/Animal Split |
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Term
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Definition
540 mya - 250 mya
- diversification of animals,plants, & fungi
- continents grow and move
- all major animal groups appear
- Vertebrates appear
- Plants & Animals move to land
- Mass extinction at end:
50% of invertebrate species, 75% of amphibian species, 80% of reptile species |
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Term
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Definition
250 mya - 65.5 mya
- modern continents form
- climate warms
- age of dinosaurs
- mammals form
- flowering plants develop
- mass extinction (meteor impact) |
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Term
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Definition
| 65.5 mya - now - primates appear - homo sapiens appear (100,000 ya) - rain forests form |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- confierous plants
- winged insects
- fish with jaw |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- vessels in plants
- mammal-like reptiles
- fungi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - primates, whales, horses, rabbits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The endosymbiosis theory attempts to explain the origins of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. The theory proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from certain types of bacteria that prokaryotic cells ingested. These cells and the bacteria trapped inside them entered a symbiotic relationship w/ types of organisms over an extended time |
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Term
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Definition
| classifying organisms based on observable similarities (i.e. morphology) regardless of their evolutionary history |
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Term
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Definition
| study of evolutionary relatedness |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of classifying species into branches which consist of a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms. Unlike a monophyletic group, a paraphyletic taxon does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of local populations whose individuals can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
birth & death rate
disease
migration
climate |
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Term
| causes of allele frequency changes |
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Definition
mutation
migration
drift
selection |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg, conditions |
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Definition
very large population
no gene flow
no mutations
mating is at random
no selection
no drift or random allele frequency changes |
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Term
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Definition
| when natural selection increases the frequency of one allele |
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Term
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Definition
| when natural selection reduces fitness at both extremes |
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Term
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Definition
| set of genetic information carried by a population |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time |
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Term
| causes of changes in allele frequency |
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Definition
mutation
migration
drift (chance)
selection |
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Term
| indirect measurement allele frequecy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| counting phenotypes and genotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| can't measure recessive alleles b/c we can't tell who is heterozygous |
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Term
| Calculating Allele Frequencies |
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Definition
AA = p2
Aa = 2pq
aa = q2
A: p2 + (1/2)2pq
a = q2 + (1/2)2pq |
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Term
| agents of evolutionary change |
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Definition
natural selection
genetic drift
migration
mutation
non-random mating |
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Term
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Definition
stabilizing
directional selection
disruptive selection |
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Term
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Definition
- centered on graph
- when selection reduces fitness at both extremes
- reduces genetic variation
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Term
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Definition
- heavy on one side
- when the frequency of one allele increases over the other, high vs. low fitness
- the nonfavored allele is eventually lost
- decreases genetic variation (?) |
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Term
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Definition
- centered
- genetic variation reduced
- extreme phenotypes are are favored, separated |
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Term
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Definition
| populations of the same species become genetically isolated by lack of gene flow (either physical or behaviorally) and then diverge from each other by natural selection, drift, or mutation. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals of different species are prevented from mating |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals from different populations mate, but hybrid offsprings have low fitness (survival) and do not produce offspring |
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Term
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Definition
populations living in discrete geographic areas with specific identifying traits not distinct enough to be considered a separate species however
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when a population moves to a new habitat, colonizes it, and forms a new population |
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Term
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Definition
| allows animal to increase in size |
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Term
| chordata 4 morphological features |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs that ingest organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| trends in embryonic development |
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Definition
| protostomes vs. euterostomes |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of function |
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Term
| plants adaptations to life on land, water loss |
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Definition
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Term
| animals adaptations to life on land, water loss |
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Definition
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Term
| plants adaptations to life on land, transport |
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Definition
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Term
| animals adaptations to life on land, transport |
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Definition
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Term
| plants adaptations to life on land, support |
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Definition
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Term
| animals adaptations to life on land, support |
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Definition
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Term
| plants adaptations to life on land, water for reproduction |
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Definition
| reduction of gemotphytes, seeds |
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Term
| animals adaptations to life on land, water for reproduction |
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Definition
| internal fertilization & development, eggs with shells |
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Term
| trends in animal evolution, body plans |
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Definition
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Term
| trends in animal evolution, symmetry |
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Definition
| asymmetrical --> bilateral |
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Term
| trends in animal evolution, body cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| trends in animal evolution, embryonic development |
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Definition
| protosome vs. deuterostome |
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Term
| advantages of bilateralism |
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Definition
- move headfirst through their environment
- head with sensory structures |
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Term
| advantages of body cavity |
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Definition
- aids in movements
- cushions organs
- may help in circulation
- allows animals to increase in size |
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Term
| advantages of embryonic development |
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Definition
| leads to differences in body organization |
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Term
| three time-based divisions |
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Definition
| geologic, geographic, climatic |
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Term
| three themes in each division |
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Definition
plate tectonics
evolution of life is complex
vast timescale |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- increasing crop yields
- increasing nutritional value of food
- increasing production of animal products
- lowering cost of production |
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Term
| gene transfer in crop plants |
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Definition
- Herbicide Resistance
- Nutritional Enhancement
- Disease Resistance
- Salt Tolerance
- Cold Resistance |
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Term
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Definition
- focuses on lines of descent
- emphasizes order of events rather than
time scale
- organizes groups into clades
- seeks most common ancestors |
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Term
| hysical isolation occurs in one of two ways |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- sequencing the genome
- compiling the sequence
- annotating the sequence
- classifying genes candidates (ORFs) |
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Term
| clone-by-clone sequencing strategy |
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Definition
| the chromosomes are mapped and then split up into sections. A rough map is drawn for each of these sections, and then the sections themselves are split into smaller bits, with plenty of overlap between each of the bits. Each of these smaller bits are sequenced, and the overlapping bits are used to put the genome jigsaw back together again |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of DNA sequencing where The fragments are then sequenced atthe DNA is first broken into fragments. random and assembled together by looking for overlaps. |
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Definition
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Definition
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