Term
| The cranial & spinal nerves that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to all the tissues of the body are referred to as what? |
|
Definition
| the peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
| the afferent portion of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) carry information where? |
|
Definition
| to the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| which portion of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) carries information from the central nervous system to the muscles & glands of the body? |
|
Definition
| the efferent portion of the PNS |
|
|
Term
| The efferent portion of the PNS can be divided into what 2 divisions? |
|
Definition
| the voluntary division & the autonomic division |
|
|
Term
| neurohormones are released by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neurohormones affect other neurons where? |
|
Definition
| distant from the site of release |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 structures that the embryonic neural tube gives rise to? |
|
Definition
hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain
spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| the hindbrain is composed of what structures? |
|
Definition
| the medulla, pons, & cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| the midbrain, along with the pons & medulla make what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the forebrain consists of what? |
|
Definition
| the cerebral cortex (telencephalon), thalamus, hypothalamus, & the pituitary |
|
|
Term
| the spinal cord is composed of grey matter and _____ matter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F spinal reflexes go to the brain. |
|
Definition
| False - spinal reflexes do not go to the brain |
|
|
Term
| what are things related to the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| hunger, thirst, instincts, long-term memory formation, fear, pleasure, pain |
|
|
Term
| the amygdala plays a role in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the hippocampus do? |
|
Definition
| it converts short term memory into long term memory |
|
|
Term
| What does the cerbrum do? |
|
Definition
| produce consciousness and control behavior |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
| the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, & occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
- receives and processes auditory infomration
- recognizes, identifies and names objects
- recognizing faces
- and understanding spoken language are all characteristic of which lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe controls what? |
|
Definition
| muscles in specific parts of the body (left brain controls right side, vice versa) |
|
|
Term
| which lobe is responsible for feeling, planning, & personality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary sensory cortex of the parietal lobe functions to do what? |
|
Definition
| receive touch and pressure information |
|
|
Term
| what is contralateral neglect syndrome? |
|
Definition
| it is caused by damage to the right parietal lobe and individuals tend to ignore stimuli from the left side of the body or the left visual field. |
|
|
Term
| which lobe receives and processes visual information and translates visual experience into language? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organism has the largest brain for their body size; a disproportionately larger forebrain; greater convolution of the cortex; and more cortex devoted to integration and information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the autonomic nervous system controls what? |
|
Definition
| involuntary functions such as heart rate, sweating, and some functions of the gut |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| the sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| The sympathetic division is primarily focused on activation while the parasympathetic is focused on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 100 million photoreceptors get condensed to _____ ganglion cells. |
|
Definition
| 1 million (convergence of information) |
|
|
Term
| ganglion have a well defined receptive field, the ganglion send information to the _____ then on to the visual cortex as a single message. Receptive fields exist in the visual cortex too. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| simple cell neurons respond to light falling on _____ areas of retina, while complex cells respond to light falling on a _____ area of the retina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in short, how does the brain see? |
|
Definition
| by analyzing edges in patterns of light falling on the retina |
|
|
Term
| how does binocular vision allow us to see in 3 dimensions? |
|
Definition
| because we have slightly different visual fields that overlap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the place where the two ocular nerves meet |
|
|
Term
| what does an electrocephalogram do? |
|
Definition
| it measures the electrical activity in the cerebral cortex by detecting changes in electric potential differences in electrodes |
|
|
Term
| an electromyogram measures what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an electrooculogram measures what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which sleep stages are requires for good, restful sleep? |
|
Definition
| non-REM sleep stages 3 & 4 |
|
|
Term
| REM sleep is characterized by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the brain inhibits which pathways during sleep so we don't act out our dreams? |
|
Definition
| afferent and efferent pathways |
|
|
Term
| language primarily resides in which side of the brain? |
|
Definition
| the left side of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defecit in the ability to use or understand words |
|
|
Term
| the Broca's area of the brain deals with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Wernicke's area is involved in what? |
|
Definition
| sensory aspects of language, the ability to form coherent words, and understand spoken or written language |
|
|
Term
| the Angular gyrus is involved in what? |
|
Definition
| integrating spoken & written language |
|
|
Term
| What is long-term potentiation? |
|
Definition
| increased responsiveness to a stimulus after high frequency repetition |
|
|
Term
| what is long-term depression? |
|
Definition
| reduced responsiveness after low-level stimulation |
|
|
Term
| what is associative learning? |
|
Definition
| 2 unrelated stimuli become linked to the same response (conditioned response) |
|
|
Term
| what is involved in observational learning? |
|
Definition
- pay attention to another person's behavior
- retain memory of observation
- copy or use that information |
|
|
Term
| what is immediate memory? |
|
Definition
| events that are happening now; photographic, but lasts only a few seconds |
|
|
Term
| short-term memory is less information but it lasts about how many minutes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| long-term memory occurs when? |
|
Definition
| when the hippocampus of the limbic system enables transfer from short term memory (can last a lifetime) |
|
|
Term
| what is declarative memory? |
|
Definition
| memory of people, places, events, & things |
|
|
Term
| what is procedural memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| perhaps self-awareness and consciousness is a result of what? |
|
Definition
| a result of the very discrete insular cortex within the forebrain (& its circuitry) |
|
|
Term
| the insular cortex tells us how we "feel" after compiling what? |
|
Definition
| a variety of physiological inputs |
|
|
