Term
| T/F the majority of male bees never mate. |
|
Definition
| false - majority of females never mate |
|
|
Term
| Female bees are haploid or diploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male bees are haploid or diploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Around how many males does a queen bee copulate with on her first day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the male bee who insert his penis into the virgin queen? |
|
Definition
| He explodes & leaves his sperm & penis behind |
|
|
Term
| T/F the female bee has enough sperm for her whole life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new individuals form as an extension of an adult (ex: Hydra) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of an organism that was severed (or separated) from the parent can grow a new one (ex: ;sea star) |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis (virgin production) is what? |
|
Definition
| the development of unfertilized eggs, there is sexual behavior but no males (ex: whip tail lizards) |
|
|
Term
| T/F mating behaviors are expensive and risky |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Mitosis is very complicated compared to meiosis |
|
Definition
| false - meiosis is very complicated compared to mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What outweighs the cost of sex? |
|
Definition
| the production of diversity |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 fundamental steps of sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
gametogenesis
spawning or mating
fertilization |
|
|
Term
| where does gametogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
| it occurs in the gonads (testes & ovaries) |
|
|
Term
| males produce what in the gonads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do females produce in the gonads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Germ cells produce either _____ or _____ (Male & female respectively) (gametogenesis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis results in a primary _____ or _____ (gametogenesis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In spermatogenesis, from the primary spermatocyte, meiosis I and II produce what? |
|
Definition
| secondary spermatocytes & spermatids connected by cytoplasmic bridges |
|
|
Term
| In spermatogenesis, spermatids matures and differentiation into how many individual sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in oogenesis, from the primary ooctye the eggs immediately enter what phase of meiosis I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oocyte wait at least ____ years (puberty) or up to _____ (menopause); during this wait, the oocyte does what? |
|
Definition
| 8; 60; the oocyte acquires all the energy, raw material & RNA needed to potentially support the embryo |
|
|
Term
| the first meiotic division of the oocyte results in 2 daughter cells, one is much larger than the smaller polar body, what is the larger one called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In oogenesis, the second meiotic division results in what? |
|
Definition
| a large Ootid & 2 polar bodies |
|
|
Term
| in oogenesis, after the second meiotic division, what happens to the 2 polar bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The result end result of oogenesis is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the union of the sperm & egg |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization results in what? |
|
Definition
| the formation of the zygote |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements of fertilization |
|
Definition
- sperm/egg recognition
- sperm activation
- plasma membrane fusion
- subsequent blockage
- metabolism activity in the egg
- fusion of nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What do some eggs produce in order to identify the same species sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F human eggs signal to the sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the jelly coat (cumulus in humans) and the vitelline envelope (zona pellucida) do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure releases digestive enzymes to break down the jelly coat of an egg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bindin of acrosomal process extends from the sperm and is recognized or not recognized by what on the vitelline envelope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the egg recognizes the sperm what happens? |
|
Definition
| the plasma membranes fuse & the sperm nucleus has access to the egg nucleus |
|
|
Term
| the fusion of the sperm & egg plasma membranes initiate blocks to what? which ensure that only 1 sperm enters the egg. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the fast block against polyspermy does what in a matter of seconds? |
|
Definition
| change the electrical charge from - to + (lasts about a minute) |
|
|
Term
| the slow block in polyspermy does what? |
|
Definition
| converts the vitelline membrane into a physical barrier, which is impenetrable to subsequent sperm |
|
|
Term
| the slow block (against polyspermy) is facilitated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in external fertilization (aquatic species) |
|
Definition
| females release copious amounts (millions) of eggs to the environment, while males release even more sperm |
|
|
Term
| what helps to ensure fertilization in external fertilization? (3) |
|
Definition
- synchronization
- mutual stimulation
- behavior |
|
|
Term
| what happens in internal fertilization (terrestrial)? |
|
Definition
| the sperm is released into the female reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
| in internal fertilization, gonads are the (primary or secondary) sex organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are accessory sex organs? |
|
Definition
| everything other than the gonads associated with an animal's reproductive system. |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of accessory organs? |
|
Definition
| - penis, vagina, glands, tubes & ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical joining of accessory organs |
|
|
Term
| indirect transfer is seen with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm packets which males either deposit this and females encounter it, or males deliver it to the female to assimilate it |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of organisms that produce spermatophores? |
|
Definition
| mites, scorpions, some salamanders, squid & spiders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external sex organs; the pieces need to fit |
|
|
Term
| Some penises have a scoop which do what? |
|
Definition
| remove the sperm of previous males & replace it with their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism that has both sexes (monoecious) |
|
|
Term
| what is the benefit of being a hermaphrodite? |
|
Definition
| it doubles the chances of finding a suitable mate |
|
|
Term
| what are simultaneous hermaphrodites? |
|
Definition
| hermaphrodies which are both male & female at the same time (ex: Lumbricus) |
|
|
Term
| What are subsequent hermaphrodites? |
|
Definition
| organisms are either male or female at different times in life (ex: clown fish) |
|
|
Term
| in clown fish, all are born male, but who becomes a female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sometimes siblings are all male or all female to prevent what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oviparous organisms do what? |
|
Definition
| lay eggs in the environment (insects, reptiles, birds) |
|
|
Term
| in oviparous organisms, the nutrients for the egg are located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the eggs located in viviparous organisms? |
|
Definition
| it is retained inside the mother's body |
|
|
Term
| viviparous organisms appear in all vertebrate groups except in which 3 animals? |
|
Definition
| crocodiles, turtles, & birds |
|
|
Term
| mammals have what 2 structures for nutrient and waste exchange for the egg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the eggs are retained in the mother until they hatch |
|
|
Term
| garter snakes & guppies have what type of embryonic development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F accessory organs play a crucial role in reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| semen is comprised what what? |
|
Definition
- sperm (5%)
- fluid
- molecules to support sperm & fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seminiferous tubules function in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leydig cells produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nourish the developing sperm cells |
|
|
Term
| epididymis functions in what? |
|
Definition
| sperm maturation & storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tube connecting the epididymis to the seminal vesicle |
|
|
Term
| seminal fluids are produced by what structures? |
|
Definition
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| the bulbourethral gland houses what? |
|
Definition
| the lubrication for ejaculation & old sperm |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the urethra is the exit from what? |
|
Definition
| the male reproductive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitive skin to promote ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| stimulation, especially of the _____ _____ results in erection, which is what? |
|
Definition
| gland penis; increased blood flow to spongy tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles which move semen to the base of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the contraction of muscles at the base of the penis which forces the semen out of the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the feeling of pleasure associated with muscular contractions |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 secondary sex characteristics for males? |
|
Definition
- facial hair
- deep voice
- pubic hair
- increased muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| the female reproductive system does what? |
|
Definition
| - produce eggs, receive sperm, & nurture the embryo |
|
|
Term
| what are the structures of the female reproductive system? |
|
Definition
- ovary
- fimbria
- oviduct
- uterus
- endometrium
- cervix
- vagina
- clitoris
- labia minora & majora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces & releases the eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| picks up the egg from the interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| what is the oviduct & what happens here? |
|
Definition
| the oviduct is the tube to the uterus and fertilization occurs here. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a muscular organ with a cavity for devlopment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the blastocyst burrows into the endometrium and interacts w/ it to form the placenta |
|
|
Term
| where is the cervix located? |
|
Definition
| at the neck of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| the cervix will remain closed until which time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vagina functions as what? |
|
Definition
| the semen receptacle & the birth canal |
|
|
Term
| where is the clitoris located? |
|
Definition
| at the anterior tip of the labia minora; stimulation |
|
|
Term
| the labia minora and majora are folds of skin surrounding what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the follicle is the what? |
|
Definition
| the functional unit of the ovary |
|
|
Term
| the ovarian cycle is about how many days long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ovulation of a single egg (secondary oocyte) occurs when? |
|
Definition
| on the 14th day of the cycle |
|
|
Term
| the uterine cycle prepares the uterine environment for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the uterine cycle doing? |
|
Definition
| building up highly vascularized endometrial tissue that will either become the placenta or be sloughed off |
|
|
Term
| the development & maturation of both male & females are controlled by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hormonal component of childbirth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanical component to childbirth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 phases of human sexual response? |
|
Definition
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- (a refractory period in males; prolactin)
- resolution |
|
|
Term
| abstinence has a what percentage of error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sterilization has a what percentage of error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Female hormone therapies (birth control) has a what percentage of error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| barrier methods (condom or diaphragm) has a what percentage of error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rhythm method has a what percentage of error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coitus interrupts method has a what percentage of error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| no prevention attempts have a what percentage of error? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many unwanted pregnancies are terminated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medical abortion are done for 3 reasons: |
|
Definition
- danger to the mother
- prenatal testing reveals birth defect
- fertility control - half of unwanted pregnancies are terminated 1.5 million |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of couples try to get pregnant but cannot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is artificial insemination? |
|
Definition
| the sperm is inserted by a physician into the female tract |
|
|
Term
| what happens with assisted reproductive technologies? |
|
Definition
| the egg & sperm are joined in a lab then inserted into the female for development; in vitro fertilization, test tube babies |
|
|
Term
| what is done in intracytoplasmic injection? |
|
Definition
| sperm is injected into the egg |
|
|
Term
| preimplantation genetic diagnosis can determine whether a genetic defect is present as early as what stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
