Term
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Definition
Bacillus (Rod)
Coccus (Spherical)
Spirillum (Twisted or curved rod) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Bacteria that are variable in shape |
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Term
| Surface-to Volume Ratios/Growth Rates |
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Definition
| Small cells have adavantage relative to cell volume. They need less nutrients to successfully provide for the whole cell |
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Term
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Definition
Contains Nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusion bodies, and spores
Composed of water and dissolved solutes
Site of cell functions |
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Term
| Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane |
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Definition
Polar, hydrophilic head
Nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
Amphipathic phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
| Archael Cytoplasmic Membrane |
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Definition
Ether linkages (instead of ester) in phospholipids
Lipids lack fatty acids
Major lipids are diethers and tetraethers
Monolayer or Bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
ATP or pmf for energy
Moves molecules against the concentration gradient
Involves carrier proteins
Uptake of organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical modifies molecule as it's brought into cell
Sugar phosphotransferase system |
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Term
| Phosphotransferase system |
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Definition
| Transports sugars while phosphorylating them using PEP as the phosphate donor |
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Term
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Definition
ATP-Binding-Cassette
In bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein catalyst that accelerates cellular chemical reactions |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Viewed cork slices under early microscope describing "cella" |
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Term
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Definition
Made microscope with 300x magnification
First to view "animalcules" (Bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| Meat in jar experiment disputing spontaneous generation |
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Term
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Definition
Germ Theory
Rabies vaccination
Protection from cholera
Protection from anthrax
Pasteurization |
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Term
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Definition
Proved Germ Theory
Koch's postulates
Pure culture technique |
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Term
| Eukaryotic Microorganisms |
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Definition
| Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Slime molds |
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Term
| Prokaryotic Microorganisms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Use light as energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| Inorganic Chemicals as Energy Source |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic molecules as energy source |
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Term
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Definition
All known pathogenic prokaryotes
Proteobacteria is largest phylum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota |
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Term
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Definition
Methanogens: degrade organic matter anaerobicall producing methane
Extreme Halophiles: require high salt concentrations
Thermoacidophiles: High temperatures and low pH |
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Term
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Definition
Hyperthermophiles
Live in marine, freshwater, or soil |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple transport involving the absorption of individual molecules one at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple transport involving the absorption and removal of individual molecules at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple transport involving the absorption of multiple molecules at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Translocation machinery moving proteins through and inserting into prokaryotic membranes |
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Term
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Definition
One layer of membrane and one layer of peptidoglycan
Contains large amounts of teichoic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Double layer membrane with peptidoglycan in the perplasmic space between membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Gel-like space that lies between membranes in Gram-negative bacteria
Contains high concentration of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
No peptidoglycan, Pseudomurein instead
No outer membrane
Specialize for biological habitat |
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Term
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Definition
Usually composed of polysaccharides and protein
Well organized
Not easily removed from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
Diffusion
Unorganized
Easily Removed |
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Term
| Functions of Capsules/Slime Layers |
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Definition
Protection from host defenses (phagocytosis)
Protection from environment
Attachment to surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Shorter appendages
Mediate attachment to surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Some required from twitching/gliding motility
Longer than fimbriae
Less numerous than fimbriae
Adheres pathogens to specific tissues
Required for conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
Granules of organic or inorganic material stockpiled for future use
Some membrane bound
Aquatic bacteria use gas vesicles to float
Magnetostomes contain magnetite or greigite allowing response to magnetic fields |
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Term
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Definition
Usually formed by Gram-positive bacteria
Dormant and highly resistant to environmental conditions |
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Term
| Reasons for Endospore Resistance |
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Definition
Spore coat
DNA repair enzymes present
Dehydrate core
Small acid-soluble, DNA-binding proteins |
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Term
Sporogensis
(Sporulation, Endospore Formation) |
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Definition
Starts when growth ceases due to lack of nutrients
Complex, multistage process |
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Term
| Dormant spore to Active Vegetative Cell Process |
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Definition
Activation
Germination
Outgrowth |
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Term
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Definition
Long appendages for motility
Contain helical filament, hook, and basal body
Rotation propels cell |
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Term
| Polar flagella distribution |
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Definition
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Term
| Monotrichous Flagella Distribution |
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Definition
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Term
| Amphitrichous Flagella Distribution |
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Definition
| One flagellum at each end |
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Term
| Lophotrichous Flagella Distribution |
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Definition
| Cluster of flagella at one or both ends |
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Term
| Preitrichous Flagella Distribution |
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Definition
| Flagellum spread over entire cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
Counterclockwise causes forward motion (run)
Clockwise disrupts forward motion (tumble)
Powered by PMF in bacteria
Powered by ATP in archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| Directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients |
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Term
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Definition
Movements toward or away from a chemical stimulus
Concentrations of chemical stimuli detected by chemoreceptors
In presence of chemical attractant, tumbling frequency is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Response to ionic strength |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Microbial Nutrient Requirements |
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Definition
In high amounts: C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg
In trace amounts: Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu |
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Term
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Definition
Essential cell components that the cell cannot synthesize
Must be supplied by environment for successful cellular life |
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Term
| Classes of Growth Factors |
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Definition
Amino acids
Purines and pyrimidines
Vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon Source: CO2
Energy Source: Light
Electron Source: Inorganic donor |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon Source: Organic carbon
Energy Source: Light
Electron Source: Organic donor |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon Source: CO2
Energy Source: Inorganic chemicals
Electron Source: Inorganic donor |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon Source: Organic carbon
Energy Source: Same as carbon source
Electron Source: Same as carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy conserving reaction that generates electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones |
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Term
| Energy from redox reactions stored in |
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Definition
ATP
Phsophenolpyruvate (PEP)
Glucose 6-phosphate |
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Term
| Proton Motive Force (PMF) |
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Definition
Protonse released during electron transfer
Result in electrochemical potential across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Lag phase
Exponential Phase
Stationary Phase
Death Phase |
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Term
| Possible Reasons for starting Stationary Phase |
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Definition
Nutrient limitation
Limited O2 availability
Toxic waste accumulation
Critical population density reached |
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Term
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Definition
Apoptosis
Cells are viable but not culturable (VBNC) |
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Term
Microbial Growth Range
(Coldest to Hottest) |
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Definition
Psychrophile
Mesophile
Thermophile
Hyperthermophile |
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Term
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Definition
Protein and enzyme structures more heat stable
Solute production stabilizes proteins
Membrane stabilized by multiple means |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth optimum between pH 0-5.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| Optimum growth between pH 5.5-8 |
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Term
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Definition
| Optimum growth between pH 8-11.5 |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of water available to organisms
Reduced by interaction with solute molecules
Reduced by adsorption to surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that live in environments high in sugar as solute |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms able to grow in very dry environments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Dependent on atmospheric oxygen for growth
Growth only seen in oxygen rich areas of environment |
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Term
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Definition
Die in presence of oxygen
Only present in anoxic areas of environment |
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Term
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Definition
Grow better in presence of oxygen, but do not require it
Uneven growth can be observed with more in oxygen rich area |
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Term
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Definition
Require lower than normal level of oxygen
Uneven growth observed with more growth in anoxic environment |
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Term
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Definition
Ignore oxygen levels during growth
Uniform growth throughout entire environment |
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