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Exam I
Exam 1 Stuff
91
Microbiology
Undergraduate 4
09/14/2014

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Prokaryote shapes
Definition
Bacillus (Rod)
Coccus (Spherical)
Spirillum (Twisted or curved rod)
Term
Strepto-
Definition
Chain of bacteria
Term
Staph-
Definition
Cluster of bacteria
Term
Pleomorphic
Definition
Bacteria that are variable in shape
Term
Surface-to Volume Ratios/Growth Rates
Definition
Small cells have adavantage relative to cell volume. They need less nutrients to successfully provide for the whole cell
Term
Prokaryotic cytoplasm
Definition
Contains Nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusion bodies, and spores
Composed of water and dissolved solutes
Site of cell functions
Term
Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane
Definition
Polar, hydrophilic head
Nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
Amphipathic phospholipid bilayer
Term
Archael Cytoplasmic Membrane
Definition
Ether linkages (instead of ester) in phospholipids
Lipids lack fatty acids
Major lipids are diethers and tetraethers
Monolayer or Bilayer
Term
Simple transport
Definition
ATP or pmf for energy
Moves molecules against the concentration gradient
Involves carrier proteins
Uptake of organic compounds
Term
Group translocation
Definition
Chemical modifies molecule as it's brought into cell
Sugar phosphotransferase system
Term
Phosphotransferase system
Definition
Transports sugars while phosphorylating them using PEP as the phosphate donor
Term
ABC transporters
Definition
ATP-Binding-Cassette
In bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes
Term
Enzyme
Definition
Protein catalyst that accelerates cellular chemical reactions
Term
Transcription
Definition
DNA produces RNA
Term
Translation
Definition
RNA makes protein
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
Viewed cork slices under early microscope describing "cella"
Term
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
Made microscope with 300x magnification
First to view "animalcules" (Bacteria)
Term
Francesco Redi
Definition
Meat in jar experiment disputing spontaneous generation
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
Germ Theory
Rabies vaccination
Protection from cholera
Protection from anthrax
Pasteurization
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
Proved Germ Theory
Koch's postulates
Pure culture technique
Term
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
Definition
Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Slime molds
Term
Prokaryotic Microorganisms
Definition
Bacteria and Archaea
Term
Phototrophs
Definition
Use light as energy source
Term
Chemolithotrophs
Definition
Inorganic Chemicals as Energy Source
Term
Chemoorganotrophs
Definition
Organic molecules as energy source
Term
Domain Bacteria
Definition
All known pathogenic prokaryotes
Proteobacteria is largest phylum
Term
Proteobacteria
Definition
All gram negative
Term
Archaea Phylums
Definition
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
Term
Euryarchaeota
Definition
Methanogens: degrade organic matter anaerobicall producing methane
Extreme Halophiles: require high salt concentrations
Thermoacidophiles: High temperatures and low pH
Term
Crenarchaeota
Definition
Hyperthermophiles
Live in marine, freshwater, or soil
Term
Uniporter
Definition
Simple transport involving the absorption of individual molecules one at a time
Term
Antiporter
Definition
Simple transport involving the absorption and removal of individual molecules at the same time
Term
Symporter
Definition
Simple transport involving the absorption of multiple molecules at the same time
Term
Protein Export
Definition
Translocation machinery moving proteins through and inserting into prokaryotic membranes
Term
Gram-positive cell wall
Definition
One layer of membrane and one layer of peptidoglycan
Contains large amounts of teichoic acids
Term
Gram-negative cell wall
Definition
Double layer membrane with peptidoglycan in the perplasmic space between membranes
Term
Periplasm
Definition
Gel-like space that lies between membranes in Gram-negative bacteria
Contains high concentration of proteins
Term
Archaea Cell Walls
Definition
No peptidoglycan, Pseudomurein instead
No outer membrane
Specialize for biological habitat
Term
Capsule
Definition
Usually composed of polysaccharides and protein
Well organized
Not easily removed from the cell
Term
Slime Layer
Definition
Diffusion
Unorganized
Easily Removed
Term
Functions of Capsules/Slime Layers
Definition
Protection from host defenses (phagocytosis)
Protection from environment
Attachment to surfaces
Term
Fimbriae
Definition
Shorter appendages
Mediate attachment to surfaces
Term
Pili
Definition
Some required from twitching/gliding motility
Longer than fimbriae
Less numerous than fimbriae
Adheres pathogens to specific tissues
Required for conjugation
Term
Cell Inclusion Bodies
Definition
Granules of organic or inorganic material stockpiled for future use
Some membrane bound
Aquatic bacteria use gas vesicles to float
Magnetostomes contain magnetite or greigite allowing response to magnetic fields
Term
Endospores
Definition
Usually formed by Gram-positive bacteria
Dormant and highly resistant to environmental conditions
Term
Reasons for Endospore Resistance
Definition
Spore coat
DNA repair enzymes present
Dehydrate core
Small acid-soluble, DNA-binding proteins
Term
Sporogensis
(Sporulation, Endospore Formation)
Definition
Starts when growth ceases due to lack of nutrients
Complex, multistage process
Term
Dormant spore to Active Vegetative Cell Process
Definition
Activation
Germination
Outgrowth
Term
Flagella
Definition
Long appendages for motility
Contain helical filament, hook, and basal body
Rotation propels cell
Term
Polar flagella distribution
Definition
Flagellum at end of cell
Term
Monotrichous Flagella Distribution
Definition
One flagellum
Term
Amphitrichous Flagella Distribution
Definition
One flagellum at each end
Term
Lophotrichous Flagella Distribution
Definition
Cluster of flagella at one or both ends
Term
Preitrichous Flagella Distribution
Definition
Flagellum spread over entire cell surface
Term
Flagellar Movement
Definition
Counterclockwise causes forward motion (run)
Clockwise disrupts forward motion (tumble)
Powered by PMF in bacteria
Powered by ATP in archaea
Term
Microbial Taxis
Definition
Directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Movements toward or away from a chemical stimulus
Concentrations of chemical stimuli detected by chemoreceptors
In presence of chemical attractant, tumbling frequency is reduced
Term
Phototaxis
Definition
Response to light
Term
Aerotaxis
Definition
Response to oxygen
Term
Osmotaxis
Definition
Response to ionic strength
Term
Hydrotaxis
Definition
Response to water
Term
Microbial Nutrient Requirements
Definition
In high amounts: C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg
In trace amounts: Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu
Term
Growth Factors
Definition
Essential cell components that the cell cannot synthesize
Must be supplied by environment for successful cellular life
Term
Classes of Growth Factors
Definition
Amino acids
Purines and pyrimidines
Vitamins
Term
Photolithoautotroph
Definition
Carbon Source: CO2
Energy Source: Light
Electron Source: Inorganic donor
Term
Photoorganoheterotroph
Definition
Carbon Source: Organic carbon
Energy Source: Light
Electron Source: Organic donor
Term
Chemolithoautotroph
Definition
Carbon Source: CO2
Energy Source: Inorganic chemicals
Electron Source: Inorganic donor
Term
Chemoorganoheterotroph
Definition
Carbon Source: Organic carbon
Energy Source: Same as carbon source
Electron Source: Same as carbon source
Term
Catabolism
Definition
Energy conserving reaction that generates electrons
Term
Anabolism
Definition
Synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
Term
Energy from redox reactions stored in
Definition
ATP
Phsophenolpyruvate (PEP)
Glucose 6-phosphate
Term
Proton Motive Force (PMF)
Definition
Protonse released during electron transfer
Result in electrochemical potential across the membrane
Term
ATP Synthase (ATPase)
Definition
Converts PMF to ATP
Term
Microbial Growth Cycle
Definition
Lag phase
Exponential Phase
Stationary Phase
Death Phase
Term
Possible Reasons for starting Stationary Phase
Definition
Nutrient limitation
Limited O2 availability
Toxic waste accumulation
Critical population density reached
Term
Death Phase
Definition
Apoptosis
Cells are viable but not culturable (VBNC)
Term
Microbial Growth Range
(Coldest to Hottest)
Definition
Psychrophile
Mesophile
Thermophile
Hyperthermophile
Term
Thermophile Adaptations
Definition
Protein and enzyme structures more heat stable
Solute production stabilizes proteins
Membrane stabilized by multiple means
Term
Acidophiles
Definition
Growth optimum between pH 0-5.5
Term
Neutrophiles
Definition
Optimum growth between pH 5.5-8
Term
Alkalophiles
Definition
Optimum growth between pH 8-11.5
Term
Water Activity (aw)
Definition
Amount of water available to organisms
Reduced by interaction with solute molecules
Reduced by adsorption to surfaces
Term
Osmophiles
Definition
Organisms that live in environments high in sugar as solute
Term
Xerophiles
Definition
Organisms able to grow in very dry environments
Term
Halophiles
Definition
Optimum growth at ~3%
Term
Extreme Halophiles
Definition
Require >15-30%
Term
Obligate Aerobes
Definition
Dependent on atmospheric oxygen for growth
Growth only seen in oxygen rich areas of environment
Term
Obligate Anaerobes
Definition
Die in presence of oxygen
Only present in anoxic areas of environment
Term
Facultative Aerobes
Definition
Grow better in presence of oxygen, but do not require it
Uneven growth can be observed with more in oxygen rich area
Term
Microaerophiles
Definition
Require lower than normal level of oxygen
Uneven growth observed with more growth in anoxic environment
Term
Aerotolerant Aerobe
Definition
Ignore oxygen levels during growth
Uniform growth throughout entire environment
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