Term
| What are the 4 types of tissue? |
|
Definition
Epithelial- tightly packed cells that form outer layer of surface, aborbs.
Connective- Binds and supports body parts. Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartlidge, blood
Muscle- Composed of muscle fibers and made of aclin and myosin
Nervous- Contains nerves and neurons |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of tissue? |
|
Definition
Epithelial- tightly packed cells that form outer layer of surface, aborbs.
Connective- Binds and supports body parts. Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartlidge, blood
Muscle- Composed of muscle fibers and made of aclin and myosin
Nervous- Contains nerves and neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| Pumps oxygen containing blood to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the heart is located in a sac |
|
|
Term
| Trace the flow of blood through the heart |
|
Definition
| unoxyginated blood enters through vena cava, then to right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, picks up o2. o2 blood goes from lungs to heart through pulmanry vein, left atrium, ventricle, aorta. body. |
|
|
Term
| What vein and artery is different from the others and why? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood from lungs
Pulmonary Artery- carries blood away from heart and to the lungs, deoxygenated blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Aorta? Superior and inferior vena cava? |
|
Definition
the main artery of the body suppling oxygenated blood to the circulatory system.
inferior vena cava (carrying blood from the lower body) and the superior vena cava (carrying blood from the head, arms, and upper body).
Vena Cava- a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of tissue? |
|
Definition
Epithelial- tightly packed cells that form outer layer of surface, aborbs.
Connective- Binds and supports body parts. Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartlidge, blood
Muscle- Composed of muscle fibers and made of aclin and myosin
Nervous- Contains nerves and neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the wall of right atrium near septum. Orgin of electrical impulse, pacemaker |
|
|
Term
| What type of blood vessels often cause heart attacks if blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the bicuspid valve located? |
|
Definition
| between left atrium, left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What is a systole? Diastole when referring to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
Systole- left ventricle contracts and 1 beat and systolic number, top number. 120.
Diastole- heart is at rest and blood fills chambers, bottom number. 80. |
|
|
Term
| What is a hypertension? Artherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
high blood pressure, silent killer.
artires get smaller b/c plaque forms in them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blockage of blood flow to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| To breakdown food into smaller particles and get the nutrients out of them and convert to energy. |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of food through the digestive system? |
|
Definition
1. Mouth- salviary glands and teeth breakdown food
2. Pharnyx/esophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small intestine, large, anus |
|
|
Term
| In what part of the digestive system does chemical digestion occur? Mechanical? |
|
Definition
Chemical- The process is carried out by enzymes in the stomach and small intestines.
Mechanical- Chewing, stomach, small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chyme- food mixing with gastric juice becomes this. thick, creamy consitency enters the small intestines
Bolus- small rounded food when swallowed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flap of tissue that covers the glottis, or opening into the trachea. Moves the bolus into the pharynx to the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| what part of the digestive system absorbs nutrients through its walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pancreas and liver aid in digestion? |
|
Definition
The pancreas neturalizes acid chyme from the stomach, digest starch, protein, and fat
The liver- removes toxic substances, acts as the gatekeeper |
|
|
Term
| What are food sources of complex carbohydrates? Polyunsaturated fats? |
|
Definition
Complex Carbs- plant foods, fruits, whole grain, breads, nuts, dairy
Polyunsaturated- fish, safflower oil, seeds, almond butter |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral? |
|
Definition
| Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by heat, air, or acid. Minerals are inorganic and hold on to their chemical structure. |
|
|
Term
| What is broken down to produce urea? |
|
Definition
| The liver breaks down proteins to produce urea. takes up co2 and two molecules of ammonia. |
|
|
Term
| How does the body make and expel urine? What are the steps? |
|
Definition
The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it, and then release it during urination.
muscle in the walls of the urinary bladder contract to expel urine from the bladder. |
|
|
Term
| What is a nephron? What does it do and what part of the kidney is it located in? |
|
Definition
| millions of tiny tubules in the kidney. Produce urine. renal cortex and renal medula. |
|
|
Term
| In what part of the kidney do kidney stones develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps that the nephron/Kidneys go through to make urine? |
|
Definition
The nephrons export urine to the collecting duct which transport urine to the renal pelvis.
Kidneys- The ureter takes urine fron the kidney and passes it to the bladder then stores it until it is ready to pass through the urethra. |
|
|
Term
| What is the glomerular capsule? |
|
Definition
| The bind end of the nephron is pushed on itself to form a cuplike structure. The outer layer is composed of squamous epithelial cells, inner is composed of specialized cells that allow easy passage of molecules |
|
|
Term
| What does a dieuretic do? An example? Antidieuretic hormone? Under what circumstance would it be produced? |
|
Definition
Dieuretic- something that increases the flow of urine such as alchol, caffine.
Antidieuretic- would occur during dehydration, the body absorbs more water creating less flow of urine but more concentrated urine. |
|
|
Term
| What is aldostertone and under what circumstance is it produced? |
|
Definition
| hormone that increases the absorption of salt to regulate water and salt balance. When blood pressure is not sufficent to meet glomerular filteration. |
|
|
Term
| What is the renin- angiotensin system? |
|
Definition
| Renin is an enzyme that changes angiotensin(a large plasma protein produced by the liver) into Angiotensin 1. Then angiotensin 2 (a powerful vasoconstricter that stimulate adrenal glands, lie on top of the kidneys to release aldostertone |
|
|
Term
| What is the atrial-natriuretic hormone and what does it do? |
|
Definition
hormone secreted by the atria of the heart when cardiac cells are stretched due to increased blood volume.
promote the excretion of Na, lower blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the bicarb system? |
|
Definition
| to maintain the ph levels of blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| absorb excess fluid tissue and return to blood stream, absorb fats and transport to blood stream, fights infections, Produces and transports lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lymph capillares take up tissue fluid
Edema- swelling when lymph system doesnt work properly, can lead to tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| How can the lymphatic system spread cancer throughout the entire body? |
|
Definition
| the cancer tumor becomes detatched and flows in the lymphfluid througout the system until it attaches somewhere else. |
|
|
Term
| what are the organs of the lymphatic system and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
Red Bone Marrow- WBC's and RBC
Thymus Gland- T cells mature
Lymphnodes- clean lymph with macrophages and b cells
Spleen- cleans lymph and destroys red blood cells?
Tonsils- Cleans lymph in throat |
|
|
Term
| What are the nonspecific defenses? Specific? |
|
Definition
ND- body attacks foreign invaders
Specific- immune system recognizes something foreign and antibody cells attack the antigen |
|
|
Term
| What is an antigen? Antibody? |
|
Definition
Antigen- the enemy, foreign immune system particles
Antibody- kill antigens, immunoglobins |
|
|
Term
| What is clonal expansion? |
|
Definition
| a lymphocyte undergoes expansion and produce more lymphocytes bearing the same type of receptor. taking the big role, growth. |
|
|
Term
| What do red blood cells do? White? Platelets? |
|
Definition
RBC- carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled.
WBC- protect body from infection
Platelets- blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| What is the doctor looking for if he checks your white blood cell count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a vaccine and how does it work? |
|
Definition
| it is a weakned form of the virus inject into the person, immune system responds by producing many antibodies to fight off the disease. |
|
|
Term
| What antibody is responsible for allergies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an autoimmune disease? |
|
Definition
body attacks itself
EX: Arthritis, multiple sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| What happens in anaphylactic shock? |
|
Definition
| an allergen in the blood causes low blood pressure due to blood vessel dilation |
|
|
Term
| What is tissue rejection? |
|
Definition
| organs have antigens that if different from recipient cause immune response to attack organ |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between an Rh positive person and Rh negative person? |
|
Definition
Positive- antigen on red blood count
Negative- no antigen on red blood count |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
| to monitor internal/externally conditions and make adjustments as needed without thought. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central Nervous system- complexity of nerve tissues that control activity of the body, brain spinal chord.
Peripheral Nervous system- the nervous system outside the brain and spinal chord |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the neuron |
|
Definition
cell body- contains a nucleus and variety of organelles.
Dendrites- short, highly branched proccess that recieve signals from the sensory receptors or other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.
Axon- the part that conveys info to another neuron or cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the myelin sheath and its function? |
|
Definition
| white fatty material used to cover nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is a synapse? Synaptic cleft? Neurotransmitter? How do neurons communicate? |
|
Definition
Synapse- Where 2 neurons join and communicate with each other with a gap
Synaptic cleft- small space between 2 neurons where neurotransmitter released.
Neurotransmitter- transmission between 2 neurons
Communication- electrical signal travels down neuron to axon, releases neurotransmitter into cleft, neurotransmitter binds to receptor in 2nd neuron, electrical signal travels |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cerebreum? Cerebellum? Brain Stem? |
|
Definition
Cerebreum- largest part of brain, thought and action
Cerebellum- balance, coordination, motor skills
brain stem- pons, medulla, reflexes, respirtory rate, heartbeat |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic? Sympatetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
Para- brings about a revealed state, pupil of eye to contract, digest food, slows heartbeat
Symp- fight or flight. increase heart rate dilates bronchi, inhibits digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the olfactory nerve? |
|
Definition
| receptors in the noes that detects odors |
|
|
Term
| Trace the path of light through the eye |
|
Definition
1.light hits cornea
2.travels through cornea, pupil, lens, and hits retina
3. Retina cones code for black, white, colored light
4. Retina changes light signal to electrical and transmits signal to brain |
|
|
Term
| Trace the path of sound through the ear |
|
Definition
| outer ear, middle ear, inner ear hairs transmit signal to brain |
|
|
Term
| What are rods and cones and their functions? What is the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
Rods- pick up black/white light
cones- colored lights |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the semicircular canals and vestibules in the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| fluid canals stimulate the hairs when moved |
|
|
Term
| What structures make up the outer, middle, and inner ear? |
|
Definition
outer- auricle and auditory canal
Middle- tympanic membrane
inner- cochela, preussure in sound causes hairs to move |
|
|
Term
| What is the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
| your ear drum, amplifies and transmits sound waves to 3 ossicles |
|
|
Term
| What part of the cochela is damaged by a loud sound and results in hearing loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| takes in oxygen and lets out CO2; produces sound |
|
|
Term
| Trace the path of air through the respiratory system |
|
Definition
1. Air enters nasal cavity and pharnyx where its moistned, healed and filtered
2. Passes through glottis and laranyx
3. Air flows down trachea and contiues filteration
4. Trachea divides into left/right bronchi
5. Air flows from bonchus into bronchides.
6. into a sac called the alveoli where gas exchange occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is the diaphragm and what does it do? What happens if it becomes paralyzed? |
|
Definition
| muscle under the lungs and at the bottom of the rib cage. Contracts lungs and ribs lift, then relaxes as exhaled |
|
|
Term
| Where does gas exchange occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures are affected by upper respiratory tract infections? Lower? |
|
Definition
Viral or bacterial infections of nose, pharnyx, larynx.
Lower- trachea, bronchi, or alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What disease is cause by inhaling particles like asbestos and coal dust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer? |
|
Definition
E- Alvoli becomes infelxible and not right gas exchange
CB- bronchi lost cilia, causes cough
Lung cancer- cells lining airways thicken, loss of cilia |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of COPD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when a person has an asthma attack? |
|
Definition
| bronchi is sensitive to irritans and constrict and spasm when exposed, wheezing and trouble breathing occur |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the exocrine system? |
|
Definition
| secrete hormones to ducts |
|
|
Term
| What is actin and myosin? |
|
Definition
one of two major proteins for muscles. mkaes up thin filaments in muscle fibers.
myosin- muscle protein making up the thick filaments in the sacromere, yeilds muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| Why are effects of HIV not seen for a while |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between Positive and negative feeback |
|
Definition
negative- a gland stimulated to relaease a hormone the body is lacking and needs.
positive- gland release hormones when it is stimulated |
|
|
