Term
Define psychotherapy
(distinguish between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy) |
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Definition
| the goal of all psychotherapy is to help people change maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns |
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Term
What are the goals of psychotherapy?
(from lecture) |
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Definition
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Term
| Who provides psychological treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
Who seeks psychological therapy?
(from lecture) |
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Definition
| 15% of US population in a year, full range of human probs, women more than men, medical insurance, education level |
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Term
Describe the psychodynamic approach to therapy
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Definition
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Term
Seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from all the unconscious to the conscious
Defense Mechanisms: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety, abnormal behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the goal is to release hidden unconcious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior |
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Term
Psychoanalysis: Freud
Free Association: |
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Definition
| First word that comes to your head |
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Term
Psychoanalysis: Freud
Dream Interpretation |
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Definition
| Conflicts manifest in your dreams |
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Term
Psychoanalysis: Freud
Transference: |
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Definition
| General principle, client treats therapist as the person they have conflict with |
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Term
Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches:
Less emphasis on patient's past history and childhood |
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Definition
| Concentrating instead on an individual's current relationships and specific complaints |
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Term
Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches:
Duration of Therapy is Shorter |
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Definition
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Behavioral approaches assume abnormal behavior is learned;
fundamental assumption: |
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Definition
both abnormal behavior and normal behavior are learned,
use principles of learning to treat abnormal behavior
- learn new behavior |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Classical Condidionting (Pavlov's Dogs) treatments -
Aversive Conditioning: |
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Definition
| i.e.- food poisoning: never want that particular food again, or at least for a while |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Classical Condidionting (Pavlov's Dogs) treatments -
Systematic densensitization: |
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Definition
phobia's treatment. gradually expose people to waht they're afraid of as they are taught to relax
(deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxations, etc.)
covert [de]sensitization is the first stage of systematic desensitization |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Classical Condidionting (Pavlov's Dogs) treatments;
Exposure Treatments - |
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Definition
being gradually exposed to what you're afraid of until you aren't afraid anymore
i.e. -Strawberries: red, pictures of the strawberries, hold the strawberries, - face your fears |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Classical Condidionting (Pavlov's Dogs) treatments;
Exposure Treatments -
Virtual Reality: |
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Definition
involved the use of computer technology to create highly realistic virtual environments
- used in experimental techniques b/c they evoke the same reactions that a comparable real-world environment would
- used to treat anxiety disorders |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Operant conditioning (consequence) techniques;
Token System -
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Definition
in classrooms with children usually - a gold star for good behavior
also used on adults for instances such as quitting smoking |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Operant conditioning (consequence) techniques;
Contingency Contracting -
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Definition
| Draw up a contract (usually adults), positives but then also consequences for relapse (like donating to a campaig you don't support) |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Operant conditioning (consequence) techniques;
Observational Learning -
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Definition
| If you watch someone do a behavior, you learn that behavior as well (social skills training, cooking, baking, etc.) |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Dialectical Behavior Therapy;
Focuses on accepting oneself -
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Definition
| regardless of whether it matches their ideal |
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Term
Behavioral Approaches to Therapy:
Dialectical Behavior Therapy;
Teaches behavioral skills - |
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Definition
| help people behave more effectively and keep their emotions in check |
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Term
Cognitive Approaches to Therapy:
Cognitive-behavioral approach is used to change the way people think as well as their behavior;
Highly structured and focused on concrete problems - |
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Definition
change thoughts, beliefs, and emotions - counteracts bad behaviors;
- "I can do it, even though I am experiencing negative thoughts" |
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Term
Cognitive Approaches to Therapy:
Rational-emotive behavior therapy - Albert Ellis;
Confrontational - |
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Definition
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Term
Cognitive Approaches to Therapy:
Rational-emotive behavior therapy - Albert Ellis;
Restructure person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views -
^ that's the answer. |
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Definition
Restructure person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views |
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Term
Cognitive Approaches to Therapy:
Rational-emotive behavior therapy - Albert Ellis;
A-B-C Model - |
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Definition
a) negative activating condition
*a break-up
b) irrational belief system
*"I'll never be loved again"
c) emotional consequences
*anxiety, lonliness, sadness, depression
negative event --> irrational belief --> emotional consequences |
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Term
Cognitive Approaches to Therapy:
Cognitive therapy - Aaron Beck;
Cognitive appraisal - |
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Definition
- uses a gentler, more collaborative approach to cognitive theory
- helps clients realize that their thoughts, and not the situation, cause their maladaptive emotional reactions |
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Term
| Milgrim's Obediance Study |
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Definition
| 40 men; 65% of subjects administered at all 30 levels of shock |
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Term
What factors influence destructive obediance?
remoteness: |
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Definition
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Term
What factors influence destructive obediance?
Authority Figure |
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Definition
| imposing, white lab coat making them important, in the same room vs. another room or over the loud speaker |
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Term
What factors influence destructive obediance?
situational v. personal factors |
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Definition
peole underestimate the power of the situation
"it's important, it's necessary that you continue." |
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Term
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Definition
| set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and its members |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative (or positive) evaluation of a group and its members |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mass media influences our behaviors and actions and beliefs
(the bobo dolls) |
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Term
foundations of prejudice:
social identity theory;
ethnocentric |
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Definition
| viewing the world from their own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership |
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Term
ways to reduce the consequence of prejudice and discrimination:
increase contact - |
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Definition
| between the target and the holder |
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Term
ways to reduce the consequence of prejudice and discrimination:
make rules and norms against prejudice conspicuous |
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Definition
| make values and norms against prejudice more conspicuous |
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Term
ways to reduce the consequence of prejudice and discrimination:
provide information about targets of sterotyping
^ answer |
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Definition
provide information about targets of sterotyping
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Term
ways to reduce the consequence of prejudice and discrimination:
reduce stereotype threat
^ answer |
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Definition
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Term
interpersonal attraction
proximity |
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Definition
| being close to someone, physically or emotionally |
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Term
interpersonal attraction
exposure |
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Definition
| around something more ..? |
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Term
interpersonal attraction
similarity |
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Definition
| similar traints and interests, age, gender, etc. |
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Term
interpersonal attraction
similarity
reciprocity of liking effect
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Definition
| we like people that like us |
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Term
interpersonal attraction
attractiveness |
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Definition
orignal attraction,
but eventually similarity and common interest become more important |
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Term
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Three Components
1) Intimacy (alone = liking) |
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Definition
| Closeness, sharing, valuing one's partner |
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Term
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Three Components
2) Commitment (alone = empty love) |
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Definition
| a decision to remain in the relationship |
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Term
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Three Components
3) Passion (alone = desire) |
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Definition
feelings of physical attraction and sexual desire
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Term
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Types of Love
1) Romantic Love |
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Definition
intimacy + passion
- full passion and intimacy |
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Term
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Types of Love
2) Companionate Love |
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Definition
intimacy + decision/commitment
- sharing values, devoting yourself to it.
- long term platonic friendship |
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Term
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Types of Love
3) Empty/Fatuous Love |
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Definition
passion + decision/commitment
- empty = old married couple. no passion left or desire to be around one another. just a commitment to stay together
- Fatuous = nothing in common, just passion and a short term commitment - like Kim K. |
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Term
Aggression
explanations for why aggression occurs
instinct and catharsis
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Definition
innate, inborn tendency --> born that way
i.e.- when you drink and become an angry drunk |
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Term
Aggression
explanations for why aggression occurs
frustration-aggression |
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Definition
aggression is always the result of frustration
cathartic --> screaming into a pillow
rear-ending someone, flipping someone off --> the aggression that comes after frustration |
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Term
Aggression
explanations for why aggression occurs
Observational Learning |
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Definition
aggression is acquired by watching others, this is especially true for children
i.e. - the Bobo doll experiment |
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Term
Prosocial behavior: helping others
diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared among those present
the "Bystander Effect"
when people FAIL to actually help |
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Term
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Definition
| includes self-sacrifice but is clearly beneficial to others |
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Term
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The two main categories of therapy are:
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Definition
| psychological and biomedical |
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Term
| Freud believed that psychological disorders are caused by |
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Definition
| unconscious conflicts left over from early childhood |
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Term
| |
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_______________ is the technique where patients say aloud whatever comes to mind, regardless of its apparent irrelevance or senselessness.
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Definition
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Term
| Behavior therapists assume that both abnormal behavior and normal behavior are learned. Thus, good behavior can be increased in frequency by ____________, and unwanted behavior can be reduced by ____________. |
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Definition
| reinforcement; punishment |
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Term
| ________ has proven to be especially effective in helping people to overcome their phobias. |
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Definition
| Systematic desensitization |
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Term
| |
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_____________________ focuses on getting people to accept who they are, regardless of whether it matches their ideal.
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Definition
| Dialectical behavior therapy |
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Term
| |
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At the core of cognitive therapy is the idea that:
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Definition
| events do not lead to maladaptive behaviors, our interpretation of these events do. |
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Term
| |
| How would a psychologist who practices cognitive therapy try to help a patient who suffers from a major depressive disorder? |
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Definition
| by trying to get the patient to stop having irrational thoughts. |
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Term
| Your friend is experiencing anxiety attacks, but doesn’t want to see a therapist because “they don’t do any good.” Which of the following replies most accurately what you have learned about the effectiveness of therapy? |
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Definition
| “Actually, even a brief course of therapy usually has a beneficial effect compared with doing nothing” |
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Term
| |
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In biomedical therapy, a trained professional:
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Definition
| relies on drugs and medical procedures to improve psychological functioning |
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Term
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Brad’s therapist is analyzing his dream to determine how it relates to his psychological problems. The therapist believes the dream will increase Brad’s understanding of the cause of his problems. Most likely, Brad’s therapist takes which approach to treatment?
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Definition
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Term
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Behavior therapy assumes that psychological disorders are caused by
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Definition
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Term
| |
| ________ has proven to be especially effective in helping people to overcome their phobias. |
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Definition
| Systematic desensitization |
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Term
| |
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Cathy was bitten by a cat when she was 5 years old. She has been very anxious around cats ever since. In therapy she is confronted, without relaxation training, very gradually with a picture of a cat, then a video of a cat, then a cat in a cage, then a cat on a leash, and so on. This form of therapy is called:
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Definition
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Term
| |
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Cognitive therapy is designed to
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Definition
| teach people to think in more adaptive ways |
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Term
| |
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In the rational-emotive behavior therapy, the A-B-C model stands for:
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Definition
| Activating condition-Belief system-Emotional Consequences |
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Term
| |
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Al has a positive view of people who recycle plastic bottles. This evaluation reflects Al’s
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Definition
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Term
| The salesperson in medication ads dresses to look like a doctor because |
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Definition
| the salesperson’s credibility is enhanced. |
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Term
| Research on how easily men are persuaded in relation to women shows that in |
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Definition
| public settings, women are more easily persuaded than are men. |
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Term
| Central route processing is most likely to occur in the type of advertisement that |
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Definition
| causes the viewer to consider options. |
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Term
| |
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There is a positive correlation between central route processing and a person's level of intellectual stimulation or need for
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Definition
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Term
| n Festinger and Carlsmith’s (1957) famous study of cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 to say that the experiment was interesting |
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Definition
| experienced less dissonance than lower-paid participants. |
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Term
| When forming early impressions about new acquaintances, it is especially important that positive information relating to _____ be conveyed. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deciding whether behavior is due to the person or the situation. |
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Term
| The halo effect is based on implicit personality theories stating that |
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Definition
| people look for consistencies in one another’s traits. |
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Term
| |
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Research suggests that when it comes to forming attributions of others’ behavior, the fundamental attribution error is
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Definition
| more common in Western cultures. |
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Term
| Expert attitude communicators are persuasive except when they |
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Definition
| appear to have ulterior motives. |
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Term
| |
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A person who has a low need for cognition will probably rely on _____ when listening to persuasive messages.
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Definition
| peripheral route processing |
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Term
| The fundamental attribution error is common because |
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Definition
| we focus on behavior and the person causing it, rather than on his or her situation. |
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Term
| Groupthink often occurs when |
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Definition
| a powerful leader is surrounded by people of lower status. |
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Term
| Cialdini and his colleagues (1975) found that people were more likely to agree to chaperoning a two-hour zoo trip with juvenile delinquents if they had previously declined a request to counsel these same delinquents for two hours a week for two years. This finding illustrates the _____ technique. |
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Definition
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Term
| Groups often have expectations of how their members should behave, and those expectations may depend on the characteristics of the members themselves. For example, we might expect the president of a company to behave quite different from an entry-level employee within the same company. These expectations are called |
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Definition
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Term
| The distinction among conformity, compliance and obedience rests on: |
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Definition
| the nature and strength of the social pressure exerted on others |
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Term
| In which situation will JoAnn most likely conform to the actions of the group? |
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Definition
| group of individuals who are facing the back in an elevator in a major department store |
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Term
| Asch’s (1951) experiment on conformity in groups showed that |
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Definition
| an individual’s judgment can be influenced by the majority opinion of a group. |
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Term
| In Zimbardo's study the participants: |
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Definition
| were assigned to be guards or prisoners in a simulated prison |
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Term
| Groupthink will be unlikely to happen when the group: |
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Definition
| listens to information contradictory to the dominant group view |
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Term
| Compared with conformity, compliance involves |
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Definition
| more obvious and direct pressure. |
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Term
| According to the _____ technique, once people have agreed to a small request they are more likely to agree to a larger request later on. |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the most striking results of Stanley Milgram’s experiment is that when several psychologists were asked to predict how many participants would fully obey and administer the strongest shocks, they |
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Definition
| grossly underestimated the number of participants who would fully obey. |
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Term
| Which of the following was the most serious criticism of Milgram’s classic study on obedience? |
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Definition
| The experimenters used unethical deception of the participants. |
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Term
| A teacher is told that several of her students are intellectually gifted, and she is also told that others are slow learners. She attends to the gifted students while ignoring the slow learners, and the gifted students begin to answer more questions and perform better on exams than do the slow learners. The advance information led to a(n) |
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Definition
| self-fulfilling prophecy. |
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Term
| Psychologist Claude Steele is widely noted for his research on stereotype threat, which refers to a |
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Definition
fear that our behavior will confirm stereotypes about our groups.
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Term
| According to stereotype threat research by Cohen and colleagues (2006), when African Americans were able to affirm an important personal value at the beginning of the school year, they |
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Definition
| showed improved test scores at the end of the year compared with controls. |
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Term
| The landmark decision to desegregate public schools was based, in part, on the principles of |
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Definition
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Term
| Many members of specific religious groups believe their group is better than all other religious groups. They believe that their members should dominate other groups, and they are very proud of being a part of their religion. Such attitudes would be of particular interest to researchers who study |
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Definition
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Term
| One unfortunate consequence of deriving identity and self-esteem from the groups we belong to is that |
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Definition
| we tend to view nonmembers of our groups as inferior. |
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Term
| Why was the Implicit Association Test developed? |
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Definition
| To overcome the problems with self-reported measures of prejudice. |
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Term
| Studies show that by reminding people of their values regarding _____, they discriminate less against members of outgroups. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to research, which of the following techniques can be used to reduce prejudice and discrimination? |
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Definition
| educating people of each groups' positive characteristics. |
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Term
| Your generalized beliefs and expectations about a group and its members are referred to as |
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Definition
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Term
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A homeless man participates in a “Homeless Pride Day” parade sponsored by the city council. The next day, he tells his friends that he feels like a decent person. The beneficial effect of the parade is predicted by
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements is LEAST TRUE regarding interpersonal attraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the context of Sternberg’s theory of love, passion reflects |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Sternberg, which type of love incorporates all the elements of a loving relationship? |
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Definition
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Term
| Although Americans value mutual attraction for choosing a marriage partner, Chinese and African cultures value: ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Which theory of aggression holds that blockage from reaching a goal will elicit a negative emotion and that this negative emotion will result in aggression, particularly if aggression-related stimuli are present or if the blockage is unexpected? |
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Definition
| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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Term
| Diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| reduces the chance that a victim will get help from a crowd. |
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Term
| When riders on a subway witnessed a fellow passenger (who was actually a confederate) collapse, they were |
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Definition
| less likely to help if a medical intern was also in the same subway car. |
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Term
| Allison collects aluminum cans on her college campus. She sells them to a recycling center and gives the proceeds to the local Children’s Hospital. Allison is displaying |
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Definition
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Term
| While on a date, a man’s girlfriend is lured away by a sophisticated stranger’s conversation. Feeling dejected, he returns sullenly to his room and starts a fight with his roommate. This scenario is best understood in terms of the _____ theory of aggression. |
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Definition
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Term
| The difference between general prosocial behavior and altruism focuses on |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements is LEAST TRUE regarding interpersonal attraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sternberg argues that in lasting loving relationships, passion may decline, but _____ remains stable. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Sternberg, consummate love is characterized by |
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Definition
| all the elements of loving relationships. |
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Term
| Among Americans choosing a marriage partner, which of the following characteristic is most important? |
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Definition
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Term
| |
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_____ is the release of pent-up aggression through violence.
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Definition
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Term
| Social psychologists have found that bystanders will offer help to those in need when the |
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Definition
| rewards for helping outweigh the costs of helping. |
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