Term
| 4 Basic Elements of Normal Body Movement |
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Definition
- Body Alignment (posture)
- Joint Mobility
- Balance
- Coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum movement possible for a joint. |
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Term
| What is ROM determined by? |
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Definition
1. Genetic makeup
2. Developmental patterns
3. Presence/absence of disease
4. Physical Activity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Move a limb away from the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Move a limb towards the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| To turn the palm down. (pour the soup out) |
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Term
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Definition
| To turn the palm up. (fill the soup bowl) |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle shortens to produce contraction, active movement. (lifting an arm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle contraction without moving the joint; exerting pressure against a solid object. (clenching your thighs on your keys.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle contraction against resistance, can be isotonic/isomentric. |
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Term
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Definition
-cerebral cortex
-cerebellum
-basal ganglia
-semilunar canals of ear |
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Term
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Definition
- Activity during which the amount of oxygen taken in the body is greater than that used to perform the activity.
- Improves cardiovascular conditioning and physical fitness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Altered state of consciousness where perception of and reaction to the environment is decreased. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lessens the response to sensory stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shuts off activity in neurons |
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Term
| NREM (Non-rapid Eye Movement) |
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Definition
| Accounts for 75-80% of sleep cycle and consists of four stages. |
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Term
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Definition
- Stage 1 - Very light sleep, feel drowsy, readily awakened, may deny sleeping
- Stage 2 - about 10-15 minutes into sleep, body continues to slow down, about half of total sleep in this stage.
- Stage 3 & 4- Deepest stagees of sleep, HR and RR rate drops, difficult to arouse, not disturbed by stimuli, snoring occurs, essential for restoring energy and releasing growth hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
- Lasts 5-30 minutes and reoccurs every 90 minutes.
- Dreaming occurs, acetylcholine and dopamine increase, brain highly active,distinctive eye movements occur, voluntary muscle control decreases, deep tendon reflexes absent, difficult to arouse or awaken, gastric secretions increase, HR and RR irregular. |
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Term
| What is the amount of sleep required for a newborn? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of sleep required for a toddler? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of sleep required for a preschooler? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of sleep required for a school aged child? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of sleep required for an adolescent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of sleep required for an adult or elder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors That Affect Sleep |
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Definition
-Illness
-Environment
-Lifestyle
-Emotional Stress
-Stimulants and Alcohol
-Diet
-Smoking
-Motivations
-Medications |
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Term
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Definition
- Insomnia
- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
- Parasomnias |
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Term
| Forms and Causes of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness |
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Definition
- Hypersomnia
- Narcolepsy
- Sleep Apnea
- Insufficient Sleep |
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Term
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Definition
- Sleep Walking/Talking
- Sleep Tremors
- Nightmares
- Bruxism |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. |
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Term
| Who is more right when judging pain? |
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Definition
| The pain is what the patient says it is, regardless of physical symptoms of pain. |
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Term
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Definition
Experienced when an intact, properly functioning nervous system signals that tissues are damaged requiring attention and proper care.
- Tied to physical cause.
- Can be transient or persistent. |
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Term
| Subcategories of Physiologic Pain |
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Definition
- Somatic Pain
- Visceral Pain
- Neuropathic Pain
- Referred Pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain felt in the skin, muscles, bone, and connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Pain experienced from damaged/malfunctioning nerves.
- Experienced as burning, tingling, numbness, and shooting pains.
- 3 Types (Peripheral Neuropathic Pain, Central Neuropathic Pain, Sympathetically Maintained Pain) |
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Term
| Types of Neuropathic Pain (3) |
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Definition
Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
- Phantom limb, neuralgia, carpal tunnel
Central Neuropathic Pain
- Spinal Cord Injuries, Post Stroke, MS
Sympathetically Maintained Pain
- Edema, temperature and circulation irregularity |
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Term
| Peripheral Neuropathic Pain |
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Definition
Follows damage or sensitization of peripheral nerves.
(phantom limb pain, postherpetic neuralgia, carpal tunnel syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
Results from malfunctioning nerves in the central nervous system.
(spinal cord injury pain, poststroke pain, multiple sclerosis pain) |
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Term
| Sympathetically maintained Pain |
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Definition
| Occurs occasionally when abnormal connections between pain fibers and the sympathetic nervous system perpetuate problems with both pain and sympathetically controlled functions. |
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Term
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Definition
Pain that appears in different areas of the body.
- Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) pian is felt in the left arm, shoulder, and/or jaw.
- Gallbladder pain is felt in the right shoulder and or middle back. |
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Term
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Definition
| Least amount of pain that is needed for a person to detect pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum amount of painful stimulation a person is willing to withstand without seeking relief. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short term, comes on quickly (surjery/injury) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lasts months or years (arthritis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe pain, little helps alleviate it (cancer pain) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain associated with the disease, treatment, or some other factor in individuals with cancer. |
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Term
| Chronic (Persistent) Pain |
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Definition
| Pain that persists beyond 3 to 6 months secondary to chronic disorders or nerve malfunctions that produce ongoing pain after healing is complete. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain that is related to damaged or malfunctioning nervous tissue in the peripheral and/or CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain that is directly related to tissue damage. May be somatic (damage to skin, muscle, bone) or visceral (damage to organs) |
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Term
| Pain Associated with Abnormal Nerve Functioning |
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Definition
- Allodynia
- Dysesthia
- Hyperalgesia |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensation of pain froma stimulus that normally does not produce pain (light touch) |
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Term
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Definition
| An unpleasant abnormal sensation that can be either spontaneous or evoked. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased sensation of pain in response to normally painful stimulus. |
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Term
| Important Reasons to Prevent or Treat Pain As Soon As Possible |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An increased sensitivity of a receptor after repeated activation by noxious stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Progressive increase in excitability and sensitivity of spinal cord neurons, leading to persistent, increased pain. |
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Term
| What does a comprehensive pain history include? |
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Definition
COLDERR
- Character (Quality)
- Onset (When it began)
- Location (Where does it hurt)
- Duration (How long does it last)
- Exacerbation (What brings it on, What makes it worse or better)
- Relief (What have you tried to relieve pain)
- Radiation (Does it move to other areas) |
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Term
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Definition
- Numeric
- The Wong-Baker FACES Rating Scale
- FLACC Scale
- COMFORT Scale |
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Term
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Definition
A scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (intense incapacitating pain) used to judge the intensity of the pain experienced.
- 0 - no pain
- 2 - awareness of pain only when paying attention to it
- 4 - can ignore pain and do things
- 6 - can't ignore pain, interferes with functioing
- 8 - impairs ability to function or concentrate
- 10 - intense incapacitating pain |
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Term
| The Wong-Baker FACES Rating Scale |
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Definition
For use with children age 3 and older.
Associate their level of pain with a face.
The first face (0 - Smile) is no pain and the last face (5 - Frowning & Crying) is the highest amount of pain you can imagine. |
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Term
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Definition
Can be used with non-verbal infants, children, or adults who cannot use Numeric or FACES.
- Maximum possible is 45
- Examines alerness, calmness, respiratory distress, crying, physical movement, muscle tone, facial tension, blood pressure (MAP) baseline, and heart rate baseline.
- each category is ranked from 1 to 5. |
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Term
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Definition
Used for patients from 2 months to 7 years of age and nonverbal critical care clients.
- Examines the face, legs, activity, crying, and consolability
- maximum score is 10. Each Category is [0, 1, or 2] |
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Term
| Common Opiod Side Effects |
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Definition
| Constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth, stomach upset, urinary retention. |
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Term
| Non-Pharmalogical Interventions for Pain |
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Definition
- Massage
- Applying heat/ice
- TENS unit
- Positioning
- Bracing
- Acupressure
- Diet
- Relaxation
- Imagery
- Distraction
- Reducing Fear, Anxiety, and Stress
- Prayer/Meditation
- Spiritual Healing
- Family Therapy
- Support Groups |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Nutrition |
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Definition
| Developmental Considerations, Economics, Gender, Medications & Therapy, Ehtnicity & Culture, Health (dysphagia), Beliefs about food, Alcohol Consumption (need Thiamine - B1), Personal Preferences, Advertising, Religious Practices, Disease Processes, and Lifestyle |
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Term
| Nutritional Considerations for Neonate to 1 Year |
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Definition
- Fluid and nutritional needs are met by breast milk or formula
- Addition of solid food to the diet between 4 and 6 months of age
- By the age of 1, most infants can be completely fed on table food, and milk intake is about 20 ounces per day
- Following feeding a child should be put to rest in the supine position.
- At 6 months the child needs iron supplements until 18 months.
- NO HONEY |
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Term
| Nutritional Considerations for Toddlers |
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Definition
Can eat most foods and adjust to three meals each day
By the age of 3 is able to bite and chew adult table food
Caloric requirement is 900 to 1800 Kcal/day
Need for adequate iron, calcium, and vitamins C and A are common deficiencies |
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Term
| Nutritional Considerations for Preschoolers |
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Definition
- Eat adult foods
- Very active and often require snacks between meals
- Cheese, fruits, yogurt, raw vegetables, and milk are good choices |
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Term
| Nutritional Considerations for School-Aged Children |
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Definition
- Require a balanced diet including 2400 Kcal/day
- Eat three meals a day and one or two nutritious snacks
- Need a protein-rich food at breakfast to sustain the prolonged physical and mental effort required at school |
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Term
| Nutritional Considerations for Adolescents |
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Definition
- Increased need for protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, and B vitamins.
- Increased need for nutrient and calories during growth spurts
- Adequate calcium intake (1200 to 1500 mg/day)
- Health snacks and limits on junk foods
- Anorexia nervosa and bulimia may occur |
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Term
| Nutritional Considerations for Adults |
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Definition
- Continue to eat a healthy diet, with special attention to protein, calcium, and limiting cholesterol and caloric intake
- Two or three liters of fluid should be included in the daily diet
- Postmenopausal women need to ingest sufficient calcium and vitamin D to reduce osteoporosis
- Antioxidants such as vitamin A, C, and E may be helpful in reducing the risks of heart disease in women
- Menstruating and women of child-bearing age should take iron and folate. |
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Term
| Nutritional Considerations for the Elderly |
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Definition
- Fewer calories are needed by elders because of the lower metabolic rate and the decrease in physical activity
- Some may need more carbohydrates for fiber and bulk, but most nutrient requirements remain relatively unchanged
- Physical changes as tooth loss and impaired sense of taste and smell may affect eating habits
- Decreased saliva and gastric juice secretion may also affect nutrition
- Psychosocial factors may also contribute to nutritional problems |
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Term
| Nutritional Problems Associated with the Elderly |
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Definition
| - Difficulty chewing, lower glucose tolerance, decreased social interaction and lonilinees, loss of appetite and sense of smell/taste, limited income, limited ability for transportation, difficulty sleeping. |
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Term
| At what percentage (BMI) is someone considered to be overweight? |
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Definition
| Between 25 and 29.9 % body fat. |
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Term
| At what percentage (BMI) is someone considered to be obese? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common laboratory tests for nutrition? |
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Definition
| Serum proteins, urinary urea nitrogen and creatinine, and total lymphocyte count. |
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Term
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Definition
- Should account for more than 50% of total serum proteins
- If levels are lower than expected this is a sign of a prolonged protein deficit in the diet.
- Half life of 18 to 20 days |
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Term
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Definition
- A protein that binds to iron and carries it from the intestines to the serum.
- If these levels are low it signals a recent protein dietary deficit.
- Can be caused from protein loss, iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, hepatitis, or liver dysfunction.
- Half life of 8 to 9 days |
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Term
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Definition
(thyroxine-binding albumin or transthyretin)
- Is the most responsive to nutritional status because it has the shortest half life. Levels should be between 15 and 35 mg/dL.
- Below 15 mg/dL is at risk
- Below 11 mg/dL indicates a need for aggressive intervention |
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Term
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Definition
- Clear Liquid Diet
- Full Liquid Diet
- Soft Diet
- Diet as Tolerated
- Diets Modified for Disease |
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Term
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Definition
- Water, tea, coffee, honey, clear broths, ginger ale, or other carbonated beverages, strained and clear juices, and plain gelatin.
- The diet provides the client with fluid and carboydrate, but does not supply adequate protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, or calories.
- Used after surgeries or in the acute stages of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
- Diet contains only liquids or foods that turn to liquid at body temperature.
- Not recommended for long-term use because it is low in iron, protein and calories.
- Clients on this diet for long period of time are given Ensure or Sustacal. |
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Term
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Definition
- Food that is easily chewed and digested.
- It is low-residue (low fiber), and has very few uncooked foods.
- Pureed diet is an extension of soft diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Ordered when the client's appetite, ability to eat, and tolerance for certain foods change. |
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Term
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Definition
- Hold the cane on the strongest side of the body.
- Adjust the height so that the elbow is flexed. |
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Term
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Definition
- Make sure the Crutches are not putting stress on the armpits and that the elbows are bent.
- When going down stairs lead with the bad foot, when going upstairs lead with good foot.
- When walking move crutches and weak side first, follow with strong. |
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Term
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Definition
- 4 point alternate gait
- 3 point gait
- 2 point alternate gait
- swing to gait
- swing through gait |
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Term
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Definition
* start in Tripod position
1. Right Crutch forward
2. Left foot forward
3. Left Crutch forward
4. Right foot forward |
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Term
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Definition
1. Move both crutches and the weaker leg forward.
2. Move the stronger leg forward. |
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Term
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Definition
** Start in tripod position
1. Left crutch and right limb advance
2. Right crutch and left limb advance |
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Term
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Definition
1. Move both crutches ahead together
2. Lift body weight by the arms and swin to the crutches
** can result in atrophy of unused muscles with prolonged use. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Move both crutches forward together.
2. Lift body weight by the arms and swing through and beyond the crutch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shuts off the activity of neurons in the RAS ( Reticular activating system) |
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Term
| What hormones are associated with WAKEFULNESS? |
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Definition
- CORTISOL
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- Noradrenaline |
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Term
| Where are acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline released and what do they influence? |
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Definition
- Acetylcholine - release in reticular formation
- Dopamine - released in midbrain
- Noradrenaline - released in pons
These nuerotransmitters influence crebral cortical arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
- Basic physiological need
- Helps us cope with daily stresses
- Prevents fatigue
- Conserves energy
- Restores the mind and body
- Enhances daytime functioning
- Most healing occurs during sleep
- Necessary for Protein Synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| A nuisance but not life threatening. |
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Term
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Definition
| A life threatening problem. |
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