Term
Define the following:
Malnutrition |
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Definition
| An imbalance and/or deficiency in one or more nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, etc) |
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Term
| What does Malnutrition cause a reduction in? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Malnutrition affects every major organ function |
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Definition
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Term
| Some degree of malnutrition is present in what percent of ALL hospitalized patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of elderly residents in long-term care facilities are affected by malnutrition? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Malnutrition affects recovery from surgery and disease |
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Definition
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Term
Define the following:
Kwashiorkor |
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Definition
| Deficiency of protein; causes edema, rash, infections, fatigue, loss of muscle mass |
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Term
Define the following:
Marasmus |
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Definition
| Deficiency of all calorie sources; chronic malnutrition/wasting, retardation |
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Term
Define/What can cause the following:
Chronic |
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Definition
long-term disease, poor food choices,
alcoholism, pregnancy, poverty,
homelessness |
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Term
Define/What can cause the following:
Acute |
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Definition
| Disease, drug therapy, or depression |
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Term
| What is Marasmus brought on by? |
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Definition
| drought, natural disasters, political unrest, child abuse/neglect |
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Term
Which of the following has a 40% Death Rate:
Kwashiorkor Or Marasmus |
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Definition
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Term
What is the term used to describe the following:
Need only small quantities per day |
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Definition
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Term
What is the term used to describe the following:
Needed in higher levels per day. Used for energy |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some types of micronutrients? |
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Definition
| Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements |
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Term
| What are some types of macronutrients? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats |
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Term
True or False:
Many vitamins act as enzyme cofactors in widespread cellular reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a deficiency in vitamins result from? |
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Definition
| poor diets, GI malabsorption diseases, liver dysfunction |
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Term
| Which Vitamins are Fat Soluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Vitamins are Water Soluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for Retinol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for Vitamin A? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are precursors of vitamin A? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carotenes are precursors of what vitamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a deficiency in Vitamin A cause? |
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Definition
| night blindness, abnormal taste sensation, keratosis |
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Term
| Vitamin A Toxicity leads to what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protects RBC membranes from oxidant stress |
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Term
| What does a deficiency in Vitamin E cause? |
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Definition
| Hemolytic anemia and neurologic dysfunction |
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Term
| Which Vitamin is Key in skeletal and teeth formation? |
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Definition
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Term
Which Vitamin is Necessary for calcium
& phosphate absorption and metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| A Deficiency in Vitamin D causes what? |
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Definition
| rickets (kids) and osteomalacia (adults) |
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Term
| What does a Toxicity of Vitamin D cause? |
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Definition
| Calcium deposits, renal and cardiac damage |
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Term
| What Vitamin is needed for formation of prothrombin and 5 other coag factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a Deficiency of Vitamin K cause? |
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Definition
| bleeding disorders and hemorrhagic episodes |
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Term
| What may a deficiency of Vitamin K result from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used as an indicator of Vitamin K status? |
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Definition
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Term
Which vitamin is tied to the following:
Antioxidant, connective tissue
and collagen formation, cholesterol metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for Vitamin C? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is another name for Ascorbic Acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will a deficiency of Vitamin C cause? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| hemorrhages, bleeding gums, delayed wound healing |
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Term
What are the following considered:
Thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine |
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Definition
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Term
| What do B Vitamins function as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What B Vitamin Deficiency is becoming more common in alcoholics in the U.S.? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for B3? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for Niacin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Niacin/B3 a component of? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Respiration, lipid & glucose metabolism |
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Term
| What does a deficiency in Niacin/B3 cause? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death |
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Term
| What is another name for Vitamin B12? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for Cobalamin? |
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Definition
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Term
Which Vitamin does the following describe:
Cobalt-containing compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Vitamin B12 necessary for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Vitamin B12/Cobalamin require for intestinal absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a Deficiency of B12/Cobalamin cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Pernicious Anemia |
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Definition
| lack of, or antibodies against intrinsic factor |
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Term
| What are characteristics of PA? |
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Definition
Megaloblastic changes in BM
Macro-ovalocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils
Dementia,
GI problems due to anaciditiy |
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Term
| GI problems with PA are due to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to MCV, MCH, & MCHC in PA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to H&H in PA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What test is used for Vitamin B12/Cobalamin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Schilling Test |
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Definition
| Inability to absorb tagged B12 will result in low levels of tagged B12 in serum and urine |
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Term
True or False:
Vitamin B12/Cobalamin is sensitive to light |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Folate needed for? |
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Definition
| DNA Synthesis and homocysteine metabolism |
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Term
| What does a deficiency in Folate look like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 most common causes of Folate Deficiency? |
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Definition
| Low intake (bad diet, alcoholism) and increased use (pregnancy) |
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Term
True or False:
Low levels of Folate during pregnancy may increase the risk of neural tube defects |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a deficiency of Folate cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Elevated levels of homocysteine is considered a risk factor for what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Serum Folate indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does RBC Folate indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Folate is sensitive to light |
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Definition
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Term
What are the following considered:
Iron, Iodine, Copper, Zinc |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is most iron found in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Iron stored as in the body? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most common anemia in the world? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 2 most common causes of IDA? |
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Definition
1. chronic blood loss
2. dietary insufficiency |
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Term
| What does IDA look like under the microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to H&H with IDA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to MCV with IDA? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to TIBC with IDA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to Serum Fe and Ferritin with IDA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the half life of Albumin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an indicator of long periods of malnutrition? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Liver disease may alter albumin levels in the absence of malnutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| Low levels of Albumin in hospitalized patients results in what? |
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Definition
4x Morbidity
6x Mortality rates |
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Term
| Levels of what protein marker may be useful in distinguishing kwashiorkor from marasmus? |
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Definition
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Term
| In kwashiorkor what are the levels of albumin like? |
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Definition
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Term
| In marasmus what are the levels of albumin like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein marker is a Major transport protein for T4 & Vitamin A |
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Definition
| Prealbumin (transthyretin) |
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Term
| What does prealbumin transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein marker is the BEST indicator of recent, short-term malnutrition and the effects of a feeding plan? |
|
Definition
| Prealbumin (transthyretin) |
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Term
| What is the half life of Prealbumin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein marker is an Early indicator of iron deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein marker is decreased in Nephrotic syndrome and Liver disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What other biochemical marker reflects dietary fat intake? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What other biochemical marker is used for detection of malnutrition due to malabsorption? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What are the following known as:
Glucose & HBA1C |
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Definition
| Other Biochemical Markers |
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