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Exam 5 End of Lecture Questions
Via Professor
73
Chemistry
Undergraduate 3
04/13/2015

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Term
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin A
Definition
Night blindness
Term
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin B1
Definition
Beriberi
Term
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin C
Definition
Scurvy
Term
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin D
Definition
Rickets
Term
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin E
Definition
Hemolytic anemia
Term
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin K
Definition
Bleeding disorders
Term
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Niacin
Definition
Pellagra
Term
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
B12 / folate
Definition
Megaloblastic anemia
Term
Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of what mineral?
Definition
Calcium
Term
Which vitamin is needed for prothrombin formation?
Definition
Vitamin K
Term
What substance is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption?
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
What disease results as a deficiency of B12?
Definition
Pernicious anemia
Term
What test can be done to detect a deficiency of B12?
Definition
Schilling test
Term
Which vitamin is ascorbic acid?
Definition
Vitamin C
Term
Which vitamin, when deficient, can lead to neural tube defects in a developing fetus?
Definition
Folate
Term
What test can be done on mom's serum to help detect this disorder?
Definition
AFP
Term
What is the most common cause of IDA?
Definition
Chronic blood loss
Term
What protein marker is the best indicator of short-term malnutrition?
Definition
Prealbumin
Term
What is the relationship between absorbance and concentration?
Definition
Direct, as one increases so does the other.
Term
The absorbance of a 50 mg/dL standard reads 0.130. The absorbance on the patient's sample reads 0.116. What is the concentration of the patient's sample?
Definition
44.6 mg/dL
Term
The absorbance of a 50 mg/dL standard reads 0.130. The absorbance on the patient's sample reads 0.116. How do you determine the concentration of the patient's sample?
Definition
(0.116/0.130) x 50 = 44.6
Term
What part of a spectrophotometer isolates a specific wavelength?
Definition
Monochromator
Term
What are the following considered:
Scratches, dust, and open compartment door, cracks in the instrument housing.
Definition
Causes of stray light in a spectrophotometer
Term
What is the purpose of using blanks?
Definition
To subtract out any absorbance caused by unusual reagent or sample color (lipemia, icteric, hemolysis)
Term
What is the light source used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry?
Definition
Hollow cathode tube
Term
What is the primary use of AA spectrophotometry?
Definition
To measure trace elements and metals
Term
What are the advantages of using chemiluminescence?
Definition
Higher sensitivity, lower detections limits, fewer instrument requirements
Term
Name 2 commonly used chemiluminescent labels
Definition
Luminal
Acridinum ester
Term
What are the two electrodes used in an ISE system?
Definition
Reference and Indicator (sample)
Term
List the most common uses/applications of ISE in the lab
Definition
Electrolytes, ionized Ca, pH
Term
What is the difference between direct ISE and indirect ISE?
Definition
Direct uses undiluted sample, Indirect uses pre-diluted sample
Term
How can high levels of protein or lipids affect sodium values when using indirect ISE?
Definition
It can cause false decreased sodium
Term
List the most common uses of gas-sensing electrodes in the lab
Definition
pO2 and pCO2
Term
What mode of chromatography separation is commonly used to make deionized water?
Definition
Ion exchange
Term
What is the mobile phase in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)?
Definition
Liquid Solvent
Term
What is the stationary phase in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)?
Definition
Silica gel on a rigid plate
Term
What are the most common uses of TLC in the lab?
Definition
Drug screens (L/S ratios – outdated)
Term
What is retention factor used in?
Definition
TLC
Term
how is retention factor useful?
Definition
Compares distance an unknown moves to the distance of the solvent front
Term
What term (in HPLC) describes the time required for a compound to elute?
Definition
Retention time
Term
What is the name of the graph that shows each eluted compound?
Definition
Chromatogram
Term
What is the most common use of HPLC?
Definition
Drugs screens and drug ID
Term
What is the mobile phase in gas chromatography?
Definition
Inert gas
Term
What type of compounds can be analyzed by gas chromatography?
Definition
Any compound that can be converted to a volatile (gaseous) state
Term
What is the most common use of gas chromatography?
Definition
Drug ID
Term
What is the principle of GC/Mass spec?
Definition
Eluted compounds are bombarded by electrons to break them into ions and ion fragments, then a mass charge ration is determined.
Term
What methodology is the most specific for drug confirmation?
Definition
GC mass spec
Term
Define the following:
Mode
Definition
Most common value in a set
Term
Define the following:
Mean
Definition
The average value in a set
Term
Define the following:
Control
Definition
Substance treated exactly as a patient sample; detects analytic errors
Term
Define the following:
2SD
Definition
95% confidence limits
Term
Define the following:
Delta check
Definition
Comparison of a patient result with a previous result
Term
Define the following:
Diagnostic sensitivity
Definition
Proportion of persons with a disease who test positive
Term
Define the following:
Diagnostic specificity
Definition
Proportion of persons without disease who test neg.
Term
Define the following:
Analytical sensitivity
Definition
Represents the smallest concentration that a test can measure
Term
The mean for a particular analyte is 100 mg/dl. 1 SD is 5. What are the confidence limits for this analyte?
Definition
90-110
Term
The mean for a particular analyte is 100 mg/dl. 1 SD is 5. How would you determine the confidence limits for this analyte?
Definition
2SD = 10
100 + 10 = 110
100 - 10 = 90
Term
Ideally, how many samples should be tested when establishing a new reference range?
Definition
120+
Term
How many samples should be tested when verifying a reference range?
Definition
20+
Term
What are the following characteristic of:
Temperature fluctuations, tech error, bubble, scratch
Definition
Possible causes of random error
Term
What are the following characteristic of:
Bad reagents, failing instruments, poor calibration
Definition
Possible causes of systematic error
Term
Name a common reason for calculating a CV
Definition
To compare two methods for the same substance that have different reporting units;
To compare performance of two techs
Term
The mean for a certain analyte is 210. 1 SD is 10. What is the CV?
Definition
4.8%
Term
The mean for a certain analyte is 210. 1 SD is 10. How would you determine what the CV is?
Definition
CV = (1SD/mean) x 100
10/210 x 100
Term
What is the primary purpose of performing linear regression analysis?
Definition
To compare a current, older method or machine with a new incoming method/machine
Term
John Doe’s 6:00 am potassium was 3.1 mEq/L. Another sample was collected and tested at 9:00 am with a result of 7.5 mEq/L. This prompted a QC “flag” which is often referred to as a _____ ______
Definition
Delta Check
Term
What is the possible repercussion if a lab fails to pass, and then fails to verify an incorrect result on a proficiency sample?
Definition
The department may not be allowed to perform/report that test until remediation and better results are obtained.
Term
What Westgard rule is in violation when 1 control is OK, but the second control is outside the 3 SD range?
Definition
1-3S
Term
What type of error does this Westgard "rule" best identify?
Definition
Random errors
Term
Although control values have been in range, the tech observes that 7 consecutive control data points have fallen below the mean. What do we call this phenomenon?
Definition
Shift
Term
A Precision Study is going to be run on a new test method. How many controls should be run?
Definition
2 controls
Term
A Precision Study is going to be run on a new test method. How frequently should they be run?
Definition
Twice a day for 10 days
Term
What is the name of the process designed to reduce time and errors in an effort to achieve excellence in performance?
Definition
Lean Six Sigma
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