Term
| What are the 3 types of Electrochemistry? |
|
Definition
Ion selective electrodes & pH meters
Gas Sensing Electrodes
Electrophoresis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of Chromatography? |
|
Definition
TLC - thin layer chrom
HPLC - high performance liquid chrom
GC - gas chromatography
MS - mass spec |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical reactions that occur due to the flow or presence of electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of electrons traveling through a substance, measured in amperes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For electrons to flow, force must be applied to the system. Measured in volts |
|
|
Term
True or False:
You can’t measure the potential of one electrode; only the potential difference between two electrodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Ion-Selective Electrodes measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the potential (V) measured by ISE proportional to? |
|
Definition
| Level of ion in the patient's sample |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Reference Electrode |
|
Definition
| known potential and generates a reproducible, constant V |
|
|
Term
| Describe an Indicator Electrode |
|
Definition
The V will vary depending on the
level of patient ion |
|
|
Term
| What are commonly used Reference Electrodes |
|
Definition
| Mercury/mercurous chloride (calomel) and Ag/AgCl |
|
|
Term
| What do ISEs selectively allow? |
|
Definition
| Only 1 Ion to pass through a membrane to the tip of the electrode |
|
|
Term
| When the 1 ion passes through the membrane to the tip of the electrode, what is generated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 Commonly used Glass Sample Membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the commonly used Liquid membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the commonly used Liquid membrane antibiotic? |
|
Definition
| Potassium (uses valinomycin) |
|
|
Term
| What does Direct ISE use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Indirect ISE use? |
|
Definition
| Pre-diluted plasma or serum |
|
|
Term
| Indirect ISE - High TP or lipid can cause Sodium to be what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the pCO2 Electrode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Severinghaus Electrode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pCO2 - CO2 diffuses through and mixes with bicarbonate buffer, causing the release of ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pCO2 Electrode - The H+ ions then diffuse thru a H+-permeable membrane, what is this membrane associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ammonia Gas Electrode - NH3 mixes with Ammonium Chloride, causing the release of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ammonia Gas Electrode -
The amount of OH- ions is proportional to what? |
|
Definition
| Level of NH3 in the sample |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the pO2 Electrode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Clark Electrode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Current will not be conducted without O2 in the system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pO2 Electrode - The amount of current generated is proportional to what? |
|
Definition
| Level of pO2 in the sample |
|
|
Term
| What is Chromatrography used for? |
|
Definition
| Separate mixtures into individual components based on different physical characteristics such as size, solubility, or charge |
|
|
Term
| What are the major applications for Chromatrography? |
|
Definition
Drug screens
Drug Confirmation |
|
|
Term
Define the following component of the chromatography system:
Mobile Phase |
|
Definition
| A liquid or gas that carries the patient sample through the system |
|
|
Term
Define the following component of the chromatography system:
Stationary Phase |
|
Definition
| A solid or liquid through which the mobile phase flows; housed in a column |
|
|
Term
Define the following component of the chromatography system:
Eluate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Chromatography -
Compounds interacting more strongly with the stationary phase spend a longer time in the column than those with less affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Chromatography Modes of Separation? |
|
Definition
Adsorption
Partition
Steric Exclusion
Ion-Exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Competition between the sample and the mobile phase for adsorptive sites on a solid stationary phase |
|
|
Term
| What type of Chromatography is Adsorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of Chromatography is Partition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of Chromatography is Steric Exclusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partition is based on what? |
|
Definition
| Solubility patterns in an organic (nonpolar) solvent and an aqueous (polar) solvent |
|
|
Term
| Partition - Polar molecules remain where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partition - Nonpolar molecules are what? |
|
Definition
| Extracted into the organic solvent |
|
|
Term
| What is Steric Exclusion based on? |
|
Definition
| Size & Shape of molecules |
|
|
Term
With Steric Exclusion which molecules pass through rapidly:
Larger or smaller? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With Steric Exclusion which molecules pass through more slowly because they become trapped in the pores:
Larger or smaller? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Ion-Exchange, the Stationary phase (resin) has what on its surface? |
|
Definition
| Charged functional groups |
|
|
Term
| Ion Exchange - What do Cation-exchange resins remove? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ion Exchange - What do Anion-exchange resins remove? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system is used to deionize water? |
|
Definition
Ion-Exchange
--Anion & Cation columns combined |
|
|
Term
| How do sample molecules move in Thin Layer Chromatography? |
|
Definition
| Solvent migrates up by capillary action, dissolving & carrying sample molecules |
|
|
Term
| Define Retention Factor (Rf) |
|
Definition
| The distance a compound migrates, compared to the distance the solvent front moves |
|
|
Term
| What is the Mathematical formula for the Retention Factor |
|
Definition
| Distance leading edge unknown component moves / total distance solvent front moves |
|
|
Term
| What is TLC mainly used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does HPLC use to force a sample through the system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With HPLC what stage is the mobile phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the following do in the HPLC:
Pump |
|
Definition
| forces the mobile phase through the column |
|
|
Term
What does the following do in the HPLC:
Sample injector or syringe |
|
Definition
| Shoots the sample into the path of the mobile phase |
|
|
Term
Describe the following in the HPLC:
Column or Stationary Phase |
|
Definition
| Packed into long stainless steel tubes |
|
|
Term
What does the following do in the HPLC:
Detector |
|
Definition
| generates an electronic signal as compounds are eluted |
|
|
Term
What does the following do in the HPLC:
Recorder |
|
Definition
| generates a peak as each compound elutes out |
|
|
Term
| What in the HPLC pump provides constant flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HPLC Detector - The signal is proportional to what? |
|
Definition
| Concentration of each separated component |
|
|
Term
| What is the print-out of a HPLC called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define HPLC Retention Time |
|
Definition
| The time it takes for a compound to elute (after sample injection) |
|
|
Term
| What is retention time used to determine? |
|
Definition
| Compound identity when compared to standards |
|
|
Term
True or False:
HPLC - Height/Area of the component peak is proportional to quantity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is HPLC most commonly used to screen for & ID? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Gas Chromatography do? |
|
Definition
| Separates mixtures of compounds that are volatile or can be made volatile. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mobile phase of Gas Chromatography? |
|
Definition
| carrier gas (N, helium, argon) |
|
|
Term
| Gas Chromatography - Which compounds move more slowly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas Chromatography - Which compounds move most quickly? |
|
Definition
| Compounds that most easily become gaseous |
|
|
Term
| What do Thermal conductors or flame ionization detectors produce? |
|
Definition
Electric signal proportional to
the concentration of the volatile components |
|
|
Term
| A chromatogram will ID compounds by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mass Spectrometry - Ions and Fragments are separated according to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most specific method for drug confirmation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
GC/Mass Spec - Fragmentation is
reliable, allowing for published reference library of compounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the mobile phase for the following:
TLC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the mobile phase for the following:
HPLC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the mobile phase for the following:
GC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the stationary phase for the following:
TLC |
|
Definition
| Silica/cellulose on flat support |
|
|
Term
What is the stationary phase for the following:
HPLC |
|
Definition
| Solid (silica gel or column) |
|
|
Term
What is the stationary phase for the following:
GC |
|
Definition
| Polymer or glass filled with inert liquid |
|
|
Term
What is the stationary phase for the following:
Mass Spec |
|
Definition
| Electron bombardment after leaving HPLC or GC |
|
|
Term
What is the application for/of the following:
TLC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the application for/of the following:
HPLC |
|
Definition
| Screen & quantitative drugs |
|
|
Term
What is the application for/of the following:
GC |
|
Definition
| Screen & quantitative drugs |
|
|
Term
What is the application for/of the following:
Mass Spec |
|
Definition
| Drug confirmation and quantitation |
|
|
