Term
| The chief goal of the ANS are to maintain _____ (a steady state of bodily function centered around some "set point") & to sensitively adjust function in the face of changes in the body & the environment (______) |
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Definition
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Term
| The degree of divergence in either system depends on the effector & whether it requires _____ control or a more ______ operation |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ involve large numbers of post-ganglionic fibers, each in close contact with smooth muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Multi-units provide independent, hence more ______ of contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ involve small numbers of postganglionic fibers, each of which contacts only a few muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| The parasympathetic nervous system displays good _____ organization, in that each cranial nerve nucleus tens to control only a single end organ |
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Definition
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Term
| The sympathetic nervous system displays less discrete _____ organization |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic preganglionic neurons make up the ______ within the lateral horn at thoracic & lumbar levels of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| intermediolateral cell column |
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Term
| Cells in the adrenal medulla resemble ______ both embryologically & functionally |
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Definition
| sympathetic postganglionic neurons |
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Term
| ______ acts mainly on alpha receptors to reinforce the actions of the sympathetic nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ acts mainly on beta receptors with actions that are complementary to norepinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| The sympathetic & parasympathetic systems typically mediate _____ actions on smooth muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| The functional state of organs usually reflects an ______ of sympathetic parasympathetic drive |
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Definition
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Term
| Pupil diameter is determined by activity in the sympathetic dilatory fibers from the ______ (mydriasis) & parasympathetic constrictor fiberz from the ______ (miosis) |
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Definition
| superior cervical ganglion; ciliary ganglion |
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Term
| ______ damage will abolish the pupillary light reflex in both eyes, but only when light is shown into the ipsilateral eye |
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Definition
| unilateral optic nerve damage |
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Term
| _______ damage will abolish the pupillary light reflex in the ipsilateral eye, regardless of where the light is shown |
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Definition
| unilateral oculomotor nerve damage |
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Term
| The pupillary light reflex can be suppressed by drugs like ______ that block cholinergic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart rate is determined by specialized regions (_____) where cells have pacemaker potentials & a lower threshold for action potential generation |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ node near the top of the right atrium is the main pacemaker |
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Definition
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Term
| The lower _____ node operates mainly when the SA node is disabled |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ innervation of the heart derives from the vagus nerve & is directed solely to the SA & AV nodes |
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Definition
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Term
| Vagal drive lowers heart rate (_____) & therefore cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ innervation to the heart comes from the paravertebral chain & extends beyond the nodes to the cardiac muscle itself |
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Definition
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Term
| The sympathetic nervous system can increase both heart rate (______) & force of contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| The sympathetic nervous system constricts most _______ smooth muscle, which helps to redistribute blood flow to the heart & brain & raises blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| The sensory fibers of the ANS carry information from ______ that inform the CNS about the internal state of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Most ANS sensory cells are thin ______ or ______ fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ for blood gases lie in the carotid body between the internal & external branches of the carotid artery |
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Definition
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Term
| Carotid body ______ respond mainly when blood O2 falls |
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Definition
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Term
| The chemoreceptors release transmitter onto afferents of the glossopharyngeal nerve which projects to the brainstem _______ |
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Definition
| nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) |
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Term
| The NTS will alter the activity of ______ neurons to increase the respiratory rate to increase blood flow to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ that detect blood pressure lie within the carotid sinus of the carotid artery |
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Definition
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Term
| Stretch receptors that transduce pressure information are called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The caudal _____ receives visceral afferent signals from the vagus & glossopharyngeal nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| The efferents of the NTS include ascending inputs to other nuclei that regulate autonomic function, including the _____ & _____ |
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Definition
| hypothalamus & limbic system |
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Term
| NTS efferents also make polysynaptic connections to sympathetic & parasympathetic ______postganglionic neurons |
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Definition
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