Term
| The basal ganglia receives input from the ______, including sensory, motor, & associative areas |
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Definition
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Term
| The basal ganglia feeds back through the ventral anterior & ventral lateral thalamic nuclei primarily to the ______ |
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Definition
| prefrontal/premotor cortices |
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Term
| The principle function of the basal ganglia is to provide a mechanism for the ______ for planning & initiating movement |
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Definition
| selection of adaptive motor programs |
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Term
| The ______ & ______ are part of the same structure, even though they were discovered separately & are divided by the fibers of the internal capsule |
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Definition
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Term
| The GPi & SNr are ______ organized, with the GPi regulating movements of the trunk & limbs & the SNr regulating head & eye movements |
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Definition
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Term
| The projection of the cortical mantle to the striatum is topographically organized, creating multiple functional loops running ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ loop runs from frontal/parietal cortex to the putamen & operates in fine motor control |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ loop runs from prefrontal cortex & other association areas to the caudate & operates in cognitive function |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ loop runs from the frontal/temporal lobes to the ventral striatum & contributes to motivated behaviors |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ loop is activation of the glutamate corticostriatal pathway & affects two GABA neurons in series, leading to disinhibition of thalamocortical drive to the prefronal/premotor areas |
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Definition
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Term
| In the direct pathway, striatal GABA neurons that contain ______ project to the GPi/SNr |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortical activation of the direct pathway results in ______ of thalamocortical drive |
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Definition
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Term
| In the indirect pathway, striatal GABA neurons that contain ______ project to GABA neurons in the GPe, which in turn project to the subthalamic nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| In the indirect pathway, glutamate neurons in the subthalamic nucleus in turn project to the GABA neurons in the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to ______ of thalamocortical drive, an action that opposes the direct pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| The main cell type in the striatum is the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Corticostriatal inputs synapse onto the heads of medium spiny neuron ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Dopamine projections from the ______ synapse onto the necks of the medium spiny neuron spines or close by on the dendritic shaft |
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Definition
| substantia nigra compacta |
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Term
| Dopamine is in a critical position to ______ corticostriatal transmission |
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Definition
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Term
| Dopamine ______ corticostriatal transmission in the direct pathway via a D1 receptor & _____ corticostriatal transmission in the indirect pathway via a D2 receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| The net effect of dopamine is to facilitate ______ drive through the direct pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| In ______, loss of dopamine's modulatory influence means that transmission through the direct pathway is blunted, while transmission through the indirect pathway is heightened |
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Definition
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Term
| The end result of Parkinson's is excessive inhibition of thalamocortical drive, which may explain the ______ symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson's Disease is associated with loss of neurons in the brainstem, most significantly ______ in the midbrain |
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Definition
| pigmented dopamine neurons |
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Term
| The cause of Parkinson's is unknown (_____), but sometimes results from head trauma, viral encephalitis, environmental neurotoxins |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson-like symptoms can result from ______ that block dopamine receptors |
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Definition
| antipsychotic medications |
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Term
| The main symptom of Parkinson's is ______ (difficulty in the initiation of movement & lack of spontaneous movements) |
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Definition
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Term
| In Parkinson's, movements exhibit ______ (slow execution) |
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Definition
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Term
| The best-known symptom of Parkinson's is ______ (no other neurological condition causes a tremor that is seen only at rest & is alleviated by purposeful movement) |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson's patients manifest ______ or increased muscle tone in the limbs & postural instability that makes them susceptible to falls |
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Definition
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Term
| Descending cortical transmission is impoverished but not abolished in Parkinson's Disease, as ______ & ______ appear to be of cortical origin |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson's patients can overcome hypokinesia when provided sufficient sensory stimuli (______) suggesting that the basal ganglia may be most important for regulating spontaneous movements rather than sensory-evoked movements |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson's Disease is treated by the precursor, ______, which is converted in the brain to dopamine |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug therapy for Parkinson's does not stop the disease progression, sometimes loses effectiveness, & can produce ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The end-stage of Parkinson's patient progresses to total ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The symptoms of Huntington's Disease are essentially opposite those of Parkinson's Disease, i.e. ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the expression of dance-like movements that represent the intrusion of fragments of unwanted motor programs into the normal flow of motor acts |
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Definition
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Term
| Huntington's Disease is a rare _______ genetic disorder that affects 30,000 Americans |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle defect of Huntington's id a loss of ______ in the indirect pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| The Huntington's mutation is on the short arm of chromosome 4 & codes for the protein ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The Huntington's mutation consists of a series of CAG _____ repeats that gives the protein a polyglutamine tail |
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Definition
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Term
| In ______, loss of striatal GABA neurons in the indirect pathway removes an important balance on the direct pathway, the overall effect of which is a more complete disinhibition of thalamocortical drive |
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Definition
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Term
| Huntington's removes the ability of the basal ganglia to suppress maladaptive motor programs, which then intrude into the patients normal voluntary movements, which probably explains the ______ symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
| In Huntington's, drugs that block ______ receptors partly ameliorate the symptoms |
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Definition
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