Term
| The _____ is primarily important for movements requiring a high degree of conscious, voluntary attention & for spontaneous acts of will |
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Definition
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Term
| The corticospinal tract is also known as the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Corticospinal tract fibers from the frontal lobe originate both from the _____ (area 4) & the _____ (area 6) |
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Definition
| primary motor cortex; premotor cortex (PMC) |
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Term
| The more superior & medial part of the premotor cortex is the _____ |
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Definition
| supplementary motor area (SMA) |
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Term
| Fibers leaving the cortex enter the _____ en route to the internal capsule, where most travel in the posterior limb |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibers split into longitudinal bundles that course through the _____ gray matter before reuniting in the medulla to form the pyramids |
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Definition
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Term
| Corticospinal fibers maintain a relative _____, with fibers destined for upper parts of the body running medially & those innervating lower body parts running laterally |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ pathways to the brainstem travel near corticospinal axons in the internal capsule & innervate cranial nerve nuclei controlling movements of the face, tongue, pharynx, & larynx |
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Definition
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Term
| At the _____, most corticospinal fibers cross to the opposite side in the pyramidal decussation |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ corticospinal tract travels through the lateral column & innervates neurons that control distal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| Most _____ fibers travel in the ventral column |
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Definition
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Term
| Most pyramidal tract fibers influence _____ & _____ indirectly via interneurons |
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Definition
| A alpha & A gamma motor neurons |
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Term
| Through a _____ descending pathway, corticoreticular fibers modify reticulospinal projections & provide an alternate route for voluntary motor control |
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Definition
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Term
| The caudal _____ division of the red nucleus is the origin of the rubrospinal tract |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ circuits involve feedback from the basal ganglia & cerebellum that the cortex uses to assist in planning |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ & _____ of the movement is commanded by the primary motor cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Error correction is accomplished by portions of the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrical stimulation of area 6 evokes _____ |
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Definition
| coordinated contractions of muscles at multiple joints |
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Term
| Area 6 lesions do not produce weakness or paralysis but ______ (difficulty in executing complex movements such as those requiring coordination of both hands) |
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Definition
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Term
| The premotor areas contain ______ that fire either when complex movements are performed or witnessed |
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Definition
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Term
| Imaging studies in humans indicate that increased blood flow occurs in area 6 only when _____ performed & whenever the movements are mentally _____ |
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Definition
| complex movements; rehearsed |
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Term
| Increased blood flow occurs in area 4 only when _______ |
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Definition
| movement is performed & not rehearsed |
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Term
| Neurons in are 4 begin to fire ______ |
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Definition
| before contraction of the relevant muscle begins |
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Term
| ______ of area 4 neuronal firing codes for the amount of force that is needed in the muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ of area 4 neurons code for the direction of movement, with individual neurons having a "preferred" direction for which they are most active |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain injury often reveals that the net effect of supraspinal pathways on motor neurons is ______ |
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Definition
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