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Definition
| the process of acquiring new infromation, behavioral patterns or abilities, characterized by modification of behaviors as result of practice, study, or experience |
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- the ability to store and retrieve information
- the specific information stored in the brain
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| the loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia |
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| the inability to form memories after onset of a disorder |
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| Hippocampus and Dorsomedial Thalamus |
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Definition
| damage to these areas can produce memory deficits |
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| deals with what - facts and information acquired through learning that can be stated or described |
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| Nondeclarative (procedural) Memory |
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| deals with how - shown by performance rather than recollection |
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Definition
a memory deficiency caused by lack of thiamine - seen in chronic alcoholism
- damage occurs in mammillary bodies and basal frontal lobes |
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Definition
| filling in a gap in memory with a falsification |
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Term
1. Semantic Memory
2. Episodic Memory |
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Definition
| 2 subtypes of declarative memory |
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| detailed autobiographical memory |
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1. Skill Learning
2. Priming
3. Conditioning |
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Definition
| 3 subtypes of non-declarative memory |
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Definition
| learning to perform a task requiring motor coordination |
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| Priming/Repetition Priming |
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Definition
| a change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to the stimulus |
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Definition
| the association of two stimuli, or of a stimulus and a response |
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Definition
| involves a single stimulus presented once or repeated |
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1. Habituation
2. Dishabituation
3. Sensitization |
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Definition
| 3 types of nonassociative learning |
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Definition
| a decreased response to repeated presentations of a stimulus |
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| restoration of response amplitude after habituation |
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| prior strong stimulation increases response to most stimuli |
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| involves relations between events |
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Term
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Instrumental/Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
| 2 types of associative learning |
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| Classical Conditioning/ Pavlovian Conditioning |
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Definition
a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that elicits a response
- eventually the neutral stimulus will elicit the response |
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| Instrumental/Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
| an association is made between behavior (instrumental response) and the consequences of the behavior (the reward) |
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Definition
| the briefest type of memory storage and store sensory impressions |
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| Short-term Memory (STM)/Working Memory |
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Definition
| usually last only for seconds, or throughout rehearsal |
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1. Phonological Loop
2. Visuospatial Sketch Pad
3. Episodic Buffer |
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Definition
| 3 components of working memory, all supervised by the central executive |
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contains auditory information
Ex: phone number |
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holds visual impressions
Ex: where you parked the car |
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| contains more integrated information (like short clips) |
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| outlasts an STM but is not permanent |
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Definition
the higher performance for items at the beginning of a list (LTM)
- remember the items at the start of a list better |
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Definition
| shows better performance for the items at the end of a list (STM) |
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Definition
record of a learning experience
- can be affected by other events before or after
- each time it is activated and recalled, it is subject to changes |
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Term
1. Encoding
2. Consolidation
3. Retrieval |
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Definition
| 3 aspects of a functional memory system |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory information is _____ into short-term memory |
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| information may be _____ into long-term storage |
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Term
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Definition
| stored information is _______ |
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| Right Prefrontal Cortex and Right Parahippocampal Cortex |
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Definition
| activated for recalling pictures |
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| Left Prefrontal Cortex and Left Parahippocampal Cortex |
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Definition
| activated for recalling words |
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Definition
| the return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage, after recall |
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Definition
| can enhance memory formation and retrieval |
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| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| memories produce a stress hormone response that further reinforces the memory |
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| Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Task |
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Definition
must choose the object that was not seen previously
- medial temporal lobe damage causes impairment |
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Term
| Medial Temporal (Hippocampal) and Diencephalic Regions |
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Definition
activated during encoding and retrieval
- important in forming long-term memories |
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Term
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Definition
| important for long-term storage |
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Term
| Right Frontal and Temporal Lobes |
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Definition
| activated during episodic memory |
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Definition
| a mental representation of a spatial relationship |
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Definition
| occurs but is not demonstrated in performance tasks |
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Definition
become active when in, or moving toward, a particular location
- in the hippocampus |
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| Grid Cells and Border Cells |
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Definition
neurons that fire when something is at an intersection or perimeter of an abstract grid map
- in the hippocampus |
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Term
| increased hippocampal size in mammals and birds |
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Definition
| increased demand for spatial memory results in... |
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Term
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Definition
| imaging studies of repetition priming show reduced bilateral activity in this area of the brain, related to perceptual priming |
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Definition
| reduced activity compared to baseline in only this area of the brain during conceptual priming |
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Definition
| reflects prior processing of the form of the stimulus |
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| reflects the meaning of the stimulus |
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Definition
used to test spatial location memory
- rats must recognize and enter an arm that they have entered recently to receive a reward
- lesion of the hippocampus produce a deficit |
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Definition
this type of memory is tested by a test where the animal must remember whether it made a left or right turn previously
- if it turns the same way it receives a reward
- lesions to the caudate nucleus showed deficits |
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Definition
can be measured by the object recognition task
- rats must identify which stimulus in a pair is novel
- depends on the extrastriate cortex |
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| Neuorplasticity/ Neural Plasticity |
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Definition
| the ability of neurons and neural circuits to be remodeled by experience or environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Sherrington speculated that these were the basis of learning |
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Definition
ensembles of neurons
- linked via Hebbian synapses could store memory traces |
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Definition
| two neurons that are repeatedly activated together whose synaptic connection will become stronger |
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Term
1. Heavier, thicker cortex
2. Enhanced cholinergic activity
3. Larger cortical synapses
4. Altered gene expression
5. Enhanced recovery from brain damage
6. Increased growth in dendritic spines and branching (esp. on basal dendrites) |
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Definition
| 6 increases in development of rats in enriched condition living |
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Term
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Definition
animal used to study plastic synaptic changes in neural circuits
- used to study habituation |
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Term
1. Has fewer nerve cells
2. Can create detailed circuit maps for particular behaviors - little variation between individuals |
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Definition
| 2 advantages of using aplysia |
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Term
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| a stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief increase of electrical stimulation that triggers thousands of axon potentials |
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Definition
| formed by the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum |
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Term
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Definition
| two types of receptors in CA1 |
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Term
1. Glutamate activates AMPA receptors
2. NMDA receptors at rest have a magnesium ion (Mg2+) block on their calcium (Ca2+) channels
3. After enough NMDA receptors are stimulated that cause partial depolarization, the Mg2+ block is removed and the NMDA receptor allows Ca2+ to enter in response to glutamate
4. The Ca2+ influx activates CaMKII
5. CaMKII causes several effects on AMPA receptors
6. AMPA receptors have increased sensitivity to glutamate |
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Definition
| 6 steps of AMPA receptors becoming more sensitive to glutamate |
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Term
1. Glutamate activates AMPA receptors
2. NMDA receptors at rest have a Mg2+ ion block on their Ca2+ channels
3. After partial depolarization, the block is removed and the NMDA receptor allows Ca2+ to enter in response to glutamate
4. Ca2+ influx activates certain protein kinases
5. The kinases trigger CREB - cAMP responsive element-binding protein
6. CREB binds to cAMP responsive elements in DNA promoter regions and changes the transcription rate of genes
7. The regulated genes produce proteins that affect synaptic function and contribute to LTP |
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Definition
| 7 steps of protein production in CA1 neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| released from strong stimulation of a postsynaptic cell and travels across the synapse and alters function in the presynaptic neuron |
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1. Causes more AMPA receptors to be produced and inserted in the postsynaptic membrane
2. Moves existing nearby AMPA receptors into the active synapse
3. Increases conductance of Na+ and K+ ions in membrane-bound receptors
- All increase the synaptic senstivity to glutamate |
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Definition
| 3 ways CaMKII affects AMPA receptors |
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Term
| Correlational Observations |
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Definition
time course of LTP is similar to that of memory formation
- evidence that LTP may be one part of learning and memory formation |
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| Somatic Intervention Experiments |
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Definition
pharmacological treatments that block LTP impair learning
- evidence that LTP may be one part of learning and memory formation |
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| Behavioral Intervention Experiments |
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Definition
show that traning an animal in a memory task can induce LTP
- evidence that LTP may be one part of learning and memory formation |
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Term
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Definition
birth of new neurons
- occurs mainly in the dentate gyrus in adult mammals
- can be enhanced by exercise, environmental enrichment, and memory tasks |
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Term
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Definition
mice with neurogenesis turned off in adults
- showed impaired spatial learning but were otherwise normal |
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Term
1. Impairments of coding and retrieval
2. Loss of neurons and/or neural connections
3. Deterioration of cholinergic pathways
4. Impaired coding by place cells |
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Definition
| 4 causes of memory problems in old age |
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Term
| Impairments of Coding and Retrieval |
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Definition
| causes less cortical activation in some tasks |
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Term
| Loss of Neurons and/or Neural Connections |
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Definition
| causes some parts of the brain to lose a larger proportion of volume |
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Term
| Deterioration of Cholinergic Pathways |
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Definition
includes the septal complex and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), which provide input to the hippocampus
- this seems to be involved in Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
| Impaired Coding by Place Cells |
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Definition
| causes neurons to encode less spatial information |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of drugs that enhance cognitive function |
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Term
| Cholinesterase Inhibitors |
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Definition
| can have a positive effect on memory and cognition |
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Term
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Definition
work to improve LTP in the hippocampus
- enhance the actions of a particular protein kinase (PKMZ) needed for LTP |
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Term
1. Living in a favorable environment
2. Involvement in enriching activities
3. Having a partner of high cognitive status |
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Definition
| 3 lifestyle factors that can help reduce cognitive decline |
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