Term
1. Sexual Attraction
2. Appetitive Behavior
3. Copulation
4. Post-copulatory Behavior |
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Definition
| 4 stages of reproductive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| brings males and females together |
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Term
1. Physiological readiness to reproduce, indicated by odors reflecting estrogen levels in females
2. Learned associations, such as appearances |
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Definition
| 2 things sexual attraction is synchronized with |
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Term
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Definition
| establish, maintain, or promote sexual interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| a female that may approach males or perform "ear-wiggling" (rats) |
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Term
1. Staying near the female
2. Sniffing
3. Singing
4. Nest-building |
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Definition
| 4 male appetitive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| involves one or more intromissions in which the male penis is inserted into the female vagina |
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Definition
where the male cannot engage in another copulatory event after the first copulation
- length varies between species |
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Term
| Sexually Receptive/in estrus |
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Definition
| if a female is willing to copulate, she is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the faster resumption of mating behavior, with a different partner
- have shorter or no refractory period due to increased sensory stimulus of having a new mate |
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Term
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Definition
behaviors that occur after copulation
- varies across species |
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Term
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Definition
post-copulatory behavior that occurs when the penis swells temporarily and cannot be withdrawn from the female
- in dogs and some mice |
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Term
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Definition
| Post-copulatory behaviors used to nurture offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place inside the female's body |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilized ovum that occurs with the fusion of gametes |
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Definition
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Definition
| takes place outside the female's body, as with fish and frogs that release gametes into water |
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Definition
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Definition
a posture female rats adopt to allow intromission
- proceptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| form between animals who live together before and long after copulation |
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Term
| Testosterone is no longer produced |
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Definition
| Why castrated males lose interest in mating |
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Term
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Definition
hormone treatment briefly activates behavior
Ex: sexual interest restored in castrated males with testosterone treatment |
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Term
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Definition
hormone that is important for female proceptive behaviors
- produced at the beginning of the ovulatory cycle |
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Term
| Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) |
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Definition
| brain region that is crucial to the lordosis response through steroid actions in female rats |
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Term
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Definition
receives axons from the VMH and projects to the medullary reticular formation
- in the midbrain |
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Term
| Medullary Reticular Formation |
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Definition
| receives signals from the periaqueductal gray and projects to the reticulospinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
| receives signals from the medullary reticular formation and evokes lordosis when the male mounts |
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Term
| Medial Preoptic Area (mPOA) |
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Definition
coordinates male copulatory behavior
- sends axons to the ventral midbrain, then to the basal ganglia to coordinate mounting |
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Term
mPOA --> ventral midbrain --> basal ganglia -->mounting
vomeronasal organ --> medial amygdala --> mPOA --| paragigantocellular nucleus |
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Definition
| neural pathway to coordinate mounting |
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Term
| paragigantocellular nucleus (PGN) |
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Definition
has fibers that normally inhibit the erection response
- mPOA signals counteract the inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| detects pheromones, which activates male arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| receives VMO information and sends the signal to the mPOA |
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Term
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Definition
| can signal readiness within an animal or provide information between animals |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of increased activity in male elephants |
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Term
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution |
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Definition
| 4 phases of sexual response |
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Term
- women have a greater variety of responses, with three typical patterns
- men (but not women) tend to have an absolute refractory phase following orgasm |
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Definition
| How men and women differ in sexual response |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of study where neither researcher nor subject knows which treatment is received |
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Term
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Definition
| can stimulate interest and activity in males, and in some cases women |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
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Definition
a group of immune-related genes with many alleles; found in each of our cells and unique to us
- women prefer the smell of men with MHCs not too similar to their own |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that are born with well-developed sensory and motor systems |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that are less developed at birth |
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Term
1. Nest building
2. Crouching over pups
3. Retrieving pups
4. Nursing |
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Definition
| 4 behaviors rat mothers show |
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Term
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Definition
| an experiment where a non-pregnant female exposed to the circulating hormones of a pregnant rat will display the same maternal behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals develop bodies and behaviors that are either male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| the early developmental event that decides if a fetus will be male or female |
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Term
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Definition
sex-determining region on the Y chromosome
- responsible for the development of testes |
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Term
| Wolffian Ducts and Mullerian Ducts |
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Definition
| connect the gonads to the body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females |
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Term
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Definition
| develop into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles in males |
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Term
1. Testosterone
2. Anti-mullerian Hormone (AMH) |
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Definition
| Two hormones from the testes that make the system masculine |
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Term
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Definition
an enzyme that converts testosterone into the more powerful dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
- needed for development of external genitalia in normal males |
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Term
| dihydrotestosterone (DHT) |
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Definition
| an enzyme converted from 5-alpha-reductase that is necessary to form genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
a person only has one sex chromosome - a single X
- develops as a female
- slow growth rate, hearing loss, and mental retardation (XmO more retardation than XpO) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to genetic boys born with testes but without penises |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
the result of female exposure to androgens before birth
- androgens produced by the adrenal glands instead of corticosteroids
- intersex appearance, has ovaries |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) |
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Definition
occurs in XY people whose androgen receptors do not respond to testosterone
- testes remain internal and develop mainly as women |
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Term
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Definition
| permanently alters behavior, in contrast to a temporary activational effect |
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Term
- Differential exposure to hormones during early developmental stages that affects the organization of neural circuitry
- differential exposure to sex hormones later in life that activates the neural circuitry previously organized |
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Definition
| Behavioral sex differences result from: |
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Term
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Definition
| the period in early development where steroids have an organizational effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the period right after birth |
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Term
| Organizational Hypothesis |
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Definition
| explains sexual differentiation; states that a single steroid signal - androgen - masculinizes the body, the brain, and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol |
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Term
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Definition
says that testosterone enters the brain and is converted there to estrogens
- these estrogens are what masculinize the developing rodent brain |
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Term
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Definition
binds to estrogen in the blood stream and prevents aromatization and masculinization in females
- does not bind testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to sex differences in behavior or in structure |
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Term
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Definition
a special organ in birds that controls song
- five times larger in males |
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Term
| Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the POA (SDN-POA) |
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Definition
| lesions in this area disrupt ovulatory and copulatory behavior |
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Term
| Spinal Nucleus of the Bulbocavernosus (SNB) |
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Definition
motoneurons in this nucleus innervate bulbocavernosus (BC) muscles that surround the penis
- larger in males |
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Term
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Definition
| where the BC motoneurons are found in nonrodent mammals; in the spinal cord |
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Term
| genetic mutation of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase |
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Definition
results in incomplete masculinization of the genitalia
- at puberty, masculinization progresses |
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Term
1. Society's instruction on how one should behave when grown up
2. The biological factor - so strong in animal models - varying levels of fetal androgen direct future behavior |
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Definition
| Two classes of possible influence on sexual orientation |
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