Term
| What are the causes of Metabolic Acidosis? |
|
Definition
Diabetic ketoacidosis or starvation
Renal tubular acidosis
Diarrhea (loss of HCO3)
Lactic acid production (tissue hypoxia) |
|
|
Term
| What are the compensation methods for Metabolic Acidosis? |
|
Definition
Hyperventilation to blow off excess CO2
Renal excretion of H+ or retention of HCO3 (if kidney disease is not the cause) |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Metabolic Alkalosis? |
|
Definition
Excessive antacids
Vomiting (loss of HCl)
Diuretics (loss of K and H)
Alkaline Tide following heavy meals |
|
|
Term
| What are the compensation methods for Metabolic Alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| Hypoventilation to retain CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Respiratory Acidosis? |
|
Definition
Emphysema
COPD or strangulation
Pneumonia
Morphine or barbiturates (especially with alcohol)which suppress breathing |
|
|
Term
| What are the compensation methods for Respiratory Acidosis? |
|
Definition
| Kidneys increase excretion of H and retention of HCO3 |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Respiratory Alkalosis? |
|
Definition
Chemical stimulants
Fever or an increased environmental temp
Hysteria, anxiety, prolonged
crying |
|
|
Term
| What are the compensation methods for Respiratory Alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| Kidneys excrete HCO3 and retain H |
|
|
Term
| Salicylate Poisoning: Initial ______, then ______ |
|
Definition
Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis |
|
|
Term
| Strangulation or Alco OD: Initial ______ leading to ______ |
|
Definition
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis |
|
|
Term
| DKA with vomiting: ______ plus ______ |
|
Definition
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis |
|
|
Term
| Hyperventilation is the compensation mechanism for what Acid-Base disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation is the compensation mechanism for what Acid-Base disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retention of HCO3, Secretion of H, is the compensation mechanism for what Acid-Base disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retention of H, Secretion of HCO3, is the compensation mechanism for what Acid-Base disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total O2 content is the sum of what? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen bound to Hgb Plus the amount dissolved in the plasma (pO2) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not part of the Venous blood when doing a complete blood gas assessment:
pH, pO2, pCO2, CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not part of the Arterial blood sample when doing a complete blood gas assessment:
pH, pO2, pCO2, CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
|
Definition
| CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is part of the Arterial blood sample when doing a complete blood gas assessment:
pH, pO2, pCO2, CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is part of the Venous blood when doing a complete blood gas assessment:
pH, pO2, pCO2, CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
|
Definition
| CO2 (HCO3), Lactate, Electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the specimen type for Blood Gas Analysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You should collect Blood Gas Specimen in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If transport and testing time will be > 30 minutes for a Blood Gas Specimen what should you do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Potentiometry measures the voltage difference between two electrodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The reference electrode produces a known, constant potential (voltage) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The indicator (sample) electrode “selects” for one ion of interest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pCO2 electrode (Severinghaus electrode)
Consists of what? |
|
Definition
| pH electrode with a CO2-permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
| pCO2 electrode (Severinghaus electrode) - what happens as CO2 diffuses from the blood into a bicarbonate buffer layer? |
|
Definition
| pH of the buffer is lowered and H ions are released |
|
|
Term
| What does Amperometry measure? |
|
Definition
| The current that flows when a constant voltage is applied to the system |
|
|
Term
True or False:
pO
2
electrode (Clarke electrode) -
Current is produced by the loss of electrons as the oxygen molecules contact a cathode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pCO2 <35 & HCO3 is normal = _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pCO2 >45 & HCO3 is normal = _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If HCO3 <22 & pCO2 is normal = _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If HCO3 >26 & pCO2 is normal = _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If both pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, what do you divide the PCO2 value by before multiplying by 100? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If both pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, what do you divide the HCO3 value by before multiplying by 100? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
If both pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal, The component furthest away from normal (100%) determines the primary problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
|
Definition
| Evaluation and analysis of circulating concentrations of prescribed drugs in serum, plasma or whole blood. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
It is difficult to measure a drug at its site of action, so blood levels are the best assessment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 5 Steps of Drug Disposition |
|
Definition
1. Administration
2. Absorption
3. Protein-Binding
4. Distribution
5. Drug Elimination/Clearance |
|
|
Term
Define the following step of Drug Disposition:
Administration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define the following step of Drug Disposition:
Absorption |
|
Definition
| From site of administration into the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
Define the following step of Drug Disposition:
Protein-Binding |
|
Definition
| A portion of the drug binds to proteins, but only the free fraction is active and can illicit a biological response |
|
|
Term
Define the following step of Drug Disposition:
Distribution |
|
Definition
| Movement of drug into its target tissue |
|
|
Term
Define the following step of Drug Disposition:
Elimination/Clearance |
|
Definition
Renal filtration, liver metabolism, or both
Gaseous expiration from lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of drug Expected to remain Free |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Changes in protein levels will affect the amount of free drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Toxic symptoms may appear at a drug concentration considered to be therapeutic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mathematical modeling of drug concentration in circulation, used to establish dosage regimens |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacokinetics Half-Life = |
|
Definition
The time needed for the concentration of
a drug to decrease by one half |
|
|
