Term
| List 3 functions of electrolytes |
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Definition
| Water balance, acid-base balance, muscle contraction |
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Term
| Name the major cation of extracellular fluid: |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the major cation of intracellular fluid: |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the major anion of extracellular fluid: |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the major anion of intracellular fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| When sodium is reabsorbed in the tubules, what 2 electrolytes will be secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| When sodium is reabsorbed in the tubules, what electrolyte will also be reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone regulates the reabsorption of Sodium in the distal tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone regulates the reabsorption of Water in the distal tubules |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone regulates the reabsorption of Calcium |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following conditions, indicate if the serum osmolality will be increased or decreased:
Diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following conditions, indicate if the serum osmolality will be increased or decreased:
Water intoxication |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following conditions, indicate if the serum osmolality will be increased or decreased:
Dehydration |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following conditions, indicate if the serum osmolality will be increased or decreased:
Alcohol intoxication |
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Definition
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Term
| State the normal range for serum osmolality |
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Definition
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Term
| State the normal range for urine osmolality |
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Definition
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Term
| How will an increased osmolality affect the freezing point of a solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| State the formula for a osmolal gap |
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Definition
| Measured (automated) Osmo minus calculated Osmo |
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Term
Give a likely explanation for a delta Osmo of:
-5 |
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Definition
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Term
Give a likely explanation for a delta Osmo of:
5 |
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Definition
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Term
Give a likely explanation for a delta Osmo of:
50 |
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Definition
| Increased (Alcohols, Lactate, Increased Protein/Glucose/Lipids) |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of hypernatremia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which electrolyte can cause cardiac arrest if either elevated or decreased? |
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Definition
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Term
| With which electrolyte does chloride "shift" in an attempt to maintain electrical neutrality? |
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Definition
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Term
| As sodium levels become elevated in plasma, what 2 electrolytes will be excreted from the urine to maintain electrical neutrality? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of all the electrolytes, which one is most affected by hemolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How will blood pH be affected when bicarbonate levels fall? |
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Definition
| It will become more acidic |
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Term
| List the 3 hormones responsible for regulating calcium levels. |
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Definition
| PTH, Calcitonin, & Vitamin D |
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Term
| How will an elevated albumin level affect the calcium level? |
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Definition
| As albumin increases, so will calcium |
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Term
| Which form of calcium should be tested to best ascertain active levels of calcium in the plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two electrolytes can cause tetany if levels fall too dramatically? |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, what is the relationship between levels of Ca and phosphate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When tissues don’t get enough oxygen, anaerobic glycolysis produces lactic acid. |
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Term
| how are lactate levels useful to the physician? |
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Definition
| Used to predict mortality |
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Term
| When is an anion gap usually decreased? |
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Definition
| Instrument error or when 1 analyte is above the upper limits of normal |
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Term
| List conditions causing an elevated AG |
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Definition
| Alcohols, organic acids, renal failure |
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Term
As Osmolality Increases, what happens to the following:
Freezing Point |
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Definition
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Term
As Osmolality Increases, what happens to the following:
Osmotic Pressure |
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Definition
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Term
As Osmolality Increases, what happens to the following:
Boiling Point |
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Definition
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Term
As Osmolality Increases, what happens to the following:
Vapor Pressure |
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Definition
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Term
What is associated with the following:
Decreased Serum Osmolality |
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Definition
Water Intoxication
Excessive ADH Secretion |
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Term
What is associated with the following:
Decreased Urine Osmolality |
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Definition
Diabetes Insipidus
Polydipsia |
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Term
What is associated with the following:
Increased Serum Osmolality |
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Definition
Dehydration
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes Insipidus
Alcohol Intoxication
Renal Failure |
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Term
What is associated with the following:
Increased Urine Osmolality |
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Definition
Dehydration
Glycosuria
High protein diets causing inc. urine excretion
Proteinuria |
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|
Term
| What is the formula to calculate osmolality? |
|
Definition
| 2(Na) + Glucose/20 + BUN/3 |
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Term
| What should be the range for Normal Delta Osmo? |
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Definition
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Term
| If Delta Osmo is a negative number, what should you suspect? |
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Definition
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Term
| If Delta Osmo is >10, what should you suspect? |
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Definition
Ethanol, Methanol, Ethylene Glycol
Lactic Acid
Hyperlipidemia or Hyperproteinemia
Technical Error |
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Term
| What is the name of the method used to analyze the most common electrolytes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What two types of electrodes are used in the ISE method? |
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Definition
| Reference & Sample (or indicator) |
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Term
| What titration method can be used to measure chloride in plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| With what trace metal is chloride mixed in this titration method? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the hormone responsible for regulating sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules |
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Definition
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Term
| In regards to sample requirements, what is the difference between direct and indirect ISE? |
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Definition
Direct uses undiluted sample
Indirect uses pre-diluted sample |
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Term
| What can Indirect ISE potentially cause? |
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Definition
| False decreased sodium if proteins/lipids are too high |
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