study of effects of psychological factors and behaviors on immune system

-Alder and Cohen study on rats 

Primary appraisal- is this problematic?

Secondary appraisal- how is this stressful? resources? 

thrives on stress but lacks anger/hositility of type A 

- commitment, control, and challenge 

1. Integration- combine 2 cultures 

2. Assimiliation- become like new culture

3. Separation- separate 2 cultures 

4. Marginalization- stay like old culture  

-free association

-dream interpretation 

-unconscious

-basic sexual/aggressive drive

-runs on pleasure principle 

-"executive"

-mediates between id and supergo 

-defense mechanisms 

personality develops as a result to resolve conflicts between the id, ego, and superego

personality developed in first years of life 

-1st year

-erogenous zone- mouth

-primary conflict- weaning 

-1-3 years

-ego develops 

-toilet training conflict

-expulsive vs retentive personalities 

-3-6 years 

-superego develops 

-sexual feelings

-oedipus complex

-identification

-6-puberty 

-sexual feelings repressed

-same sex play

-social skills developed 

-puberty

-sexual feelings consciously expressed 

-collective unconscious 

-archetypes 

-childhood tensions 

-social, not sexual

-inferiority complex 

-social aspects of childhood growth and development 

-basic anxiety

-countered ideas of women having weak superegos and "penis envy"

-behaviorist

-personality result of interaction between and person and their social context 

-internal cognitive factors 

-behavior

-environmental factors 

-self actualizing tendency- "be all you can be"

-sense of self- reflected in words and actions of important people in one's life 

-real self and ideal self much match for harmony 

-unconditional positive regard

-genuiness

-empathy

-self esteem 

-trait- consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, and behaving 

- Allport- 200 traits 

-Cattell- 16-23 traits 

more basic traits forming core personality 

ex: introversion 

-open vs closed

-conscientious vs undirected 

-extroverted vs introverted

-agreeable vs disagreeable

-neurotic vs stable 

-4 basic dimensions of personality along which cultures differed 

-individualism/collectivism

-power distance

-masculinity/femininity

-uncertainty avoidance 

evaluates personality from unconscious mind's perspective 

problems- interviewers can be biased 

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Henry Murray

observe client in everyday behavior in natural setting 

-rating scale- numerical rating for specific behaviors 

-frequency count- counts frequency of certain behaviors within a specified time limit

-observation bias 

Questionnaire: answer yes, no, or can't decide 

-NEO-PI

-Myers-Briggs Type indicator- 4 personality dimensions 

- MMPI2- abnormal behaviors in personality 

mental illnesses from imbalances of body fluids 

-phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile 

-statistically rare

-social norm deviance

-subjective discomfort

-danger to self/others

-inability to function 

Axis I

Global Assessment of Functioning 

Scale 1-100

fear of an object or situation 

-unreasonable OR excessive 

anxiety about situations or public places 

-panic attack concerns

-escape concerns 

-obsessions- persistant unwanted thoughts 

-compulsions- persistant unwanted behaviors 

-traumatic event

-intense fear, helplessness, horror

-haunting memories, nightmares, social withdraw, jumpy anxiety, sleep problems 

-psychodynamic- repressed urges 

-behavioral- reinforcement

-cognitive- irrational thinking

-biological- chemical imbalances 

take form of illness and symptoms but have no real physical problems 

ex: 

hypochondrasis

somatization disorder- complaints of specific symptoms but no real cause

conversion disorder- from stress, loss of sensory or motor function but no physical cause 

Dissociative amnesia

-2 or more distinct personalities

-traumatic events 

-blackout

-reintegration of personalities

-controversy 

-chronic sadness

-longer duration, lower intensity than major depression

-false beliefs and delusions

-disturbed perceptions (hallucinations)

-psychosis- out of touch with reality 

-disorganized thinking 

-inappropriate emotions/actions 

excess of or additions to normal behavior 

ex: delusions, hallucinations 

characterized by:

-inflexible and enduring behavior patterns 

-impairment in social functioning 

-usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions 

anti social personality disorder

lack of morals or conscious for wrong doing 

-impulsive

-lacks regard for consequences 

-moody

-unstable and unclear sense of identity 

-clings to others yet pushes them away 

-psychodynamic- unresolved oedipal complex

-behavioral/cognitive- reinforcement, shaping, and modeling 

-biological- family relatedness and risk 

-nondirective

-client talks, therapist listens 

-reflection, authenticity, empathy, and unconditional positive regard 

-client accepts all of self 

-directive

-role playing 

-leading questions 

-confrontation of client's statements 

treating phobias 

3 steps: 

1. relaxation training 

2. fear hierarchy

3. progressive exposure 

-for treating phobias or stress disorders 

-intense inescapable exposure to feared situation or object 

remove reinforcer, reduce undesirable behavior 

ex: time out- removal from the situation that reinforces undesirable behavior 

-good for specific problems

-controls symptoms quickly and effectively 

-not effective with serious psychological disorders 

learning to think more rationally and logically 

3 goals:

1. relieve symptoms and solve problems 

2. develop strategies for solving future problems 

3. help change irrational, distorted thinking 

-inexpensive, short term

- effetive for depression, stress, and anxiety

-bias in therapist's opinions 

-moves eyes rapidly back and forth awhile thinking of disturbing memory 

-used to treat PTSD

-contraversial 

1. language 

2. cultural values 

3. social class

4. nonverbal communication 

-treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations 

-ex: Clozapine blocks receptors for dopamine and seratonin to remove negative symptoms of schizophrenia 

calm anxiety reactions 

ex: xanex and ativan depress CNS and reduce anxiety by elevating levels of GABA

treat bipolar disorder 

ex: Lithium

Antidepressant drugs 

-Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

-Tricyclics 

-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

-ex: Prozac, zoloft, paxil 

-electric current passed through 2 electrodes on both sides of head 

-treats severe depression

-bilateral or unilateral 

-deep lesioning of cingulate gyrus via electrode wire 

-treats severe depression and bipolar disorders