Term
| A drive is an internal state of tension that is... |
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Definition
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Term
| According to drive theory of motivation if you drink water when you are thirsty, drinking results in?.. |
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Definition
| drive reduction and restores physiological equilibrium |
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Term
| A bonus of $100.00 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| while ___ theories of motivation emphasize internal factors, ____theories emphasize external factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Max has the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards for excellence. According to researchers such as McClelland and Atkinson, Max most likely is high in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Alisha is telling a story about a character on a TAT card. In her story, Alisha focuses on the individuals lack of persistence when undertaking projects, and she also describes how the individual prefers situations that have little competition. Alisha's answer suggests that she most likely has.... |
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Definition
| a low need for achievement |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of emotion?
Behavioral
Cognitive
Perceptual
Physiological |
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Definition
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Term
| As Christine is watching the climax of a horror movie, she gets "goose bumps", her heart starts pounding, and her breathing becomes more rapid. Her behavior reflects the ___component of emotion |
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Definition
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Term
A polygraph typically monitors all of the following except:
respiration rate
dilation of the pupils
galvanic skin response
blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| The pathway that results in activation of the autonomic nervous system is from? |
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Definition
| Thalamus--amygdala---hypothalamus |
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Term
| According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs |
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Definition
| Simultaneously with autonomic arousal |
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Term
| The theory of emotion that proposes the conscious experience of emotion results from one's cognitive interpretation of an event that caused autnomic arousal is the |
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Definition
| Schachter two-factor theory |
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Term
| Close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers defines |
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Definition
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Term
| stage theories of development assume that |
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Definition
| individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage |
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Term
| The correct order or sequence of Piaget's stages is |
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Definition
| Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
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Term
| According to Piaget's theory, children first show or develop object permanence during the |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle of ___suggests that physical properties of substances, such as volume, number, and mass, remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance |
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Definition
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Term
| Children's thought processes are particulary egocentric during which Piagetian stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Systematic problem-solving efforts are associated with individuals in the __ stage of cognitive development |
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Definition
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Term
| Maslow argued that individuals must meet ___ before____needs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stuckes (2001) experiment on social rejection demonstrated that participants who were socially rejected in the laboratory: |
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Definition
| responded with heightened aggression |
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Term
| Lepper and colleagues "magic maker study" demonstrated that children who had been offered a "good player" award for playing with markers_____ than the other children. |
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Definition
| later spent less time playing with markers |
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Term
| The idea that people are drawn to violent films because viewing these films helps to satisfy aggressive urges is most consistent with ____'s views on motivation |
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Definition
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Term
| Baumeister and Leary argued that humans have a fundamental need to ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Harry Harlow's work on rhesus monkeys demonstrated that monkeys deprived of social contact for a period of 8 months |
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Definition
| experienced conflict with other monkeys and were cruel to their own offspring. |
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Term
| Lorenz's work examining imprinting in animals supports the importance of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Freud argued that the two primary drives that apply to humans (and animals) were: |
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Definition
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Term
| Incentive Theories of motivation primarily draw from the work of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Kleinmuntz & Szucko's (1984) study on the effectiveness of the polygraph indicated that approximately __ of people who are innocent may be judged as "guilty" by the polygraph. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension. |
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Definition
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Term
| A state of physiological equilbirum or stability |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are drive theories called push theories? |
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Definition
| When an individual experiences a drive, they are motivated to pursue actions that will lead to drive reduction (this is being pushed) |
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Term
| Passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The "Intimate Love". |
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Definition
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Term
| the drive towards death, self-destruction and the return to the inorganic: 'the hypothesis of a death instinct, the task of which is to lead organic life back into the inanimate state' |
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Definition
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Term
| A respondent is asked to tell stories about scenes and the themes apparent in each story can be scored to provide insight about the respondents personality. |
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Definition
| Thematic Apperception Test |
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Term
| An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are incentive theories called pull theories? |
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Definition
| They pull people in certain directions the source of motivation lies outside the organism... it doesn't rely on homeostasis. |
|
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Term
| the activation of goal-oriented behavior it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. |
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Definition
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Term
| Motivation that comes from outside an individual. The motivating factors are external, or outside, rewards such as money or grades. |
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Definition
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Term
Created 3 groups of kids to see whether external attributions change behavior
|
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Definition
| Magic Marker Study (Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973) |
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Term
| occurs when an external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intristic motivation to perform a task. |
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Definition
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Term
| Defined as the need to perform well or the striving for success, and evidenced by persistence and effort in the face of difficulties.. Regarded as a central human motivation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The need for human relationships and for meaningful social contact. It was studied by David McClelland who developed scales to measure it |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Baumeister & Leary--need for affliation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| an individual is deliberately excluded from a interpersonal relationship or social relation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (Maslow's Heiarchy of needs) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| theories paralleling many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. |
|
Definition
| Maslow's heiracrhy of needs |
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Term
| Realizing ones own full potential |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Exceptions to Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
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Term
| Involves a subjective conscious experience accompanied by bodily arousal and characteristic overt expressions |
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Definition
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Term
| Verbal Reports on what a subject is experiencing. Intense internal feelings that sometimes seem to have a life of their own |
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Definition
| Cognitive Component of Emotion |
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Term
| Emotional processes are closely tied to physicological processes, but the interconnections are enormously complex |
|
Definition
| Physiological Component of Emotion |
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Term
| People reveal their emotions through characteristic overt expressions such as smiles, frowns, furrowed brows, clenched fists... etc. |
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Definition
| Behavioral Component of Emotion |
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Term
The amygdala processes the information quickly, and if it detects a threat it almost instantly triggers activity in the hypothalamus that leads to the autonomic arousal and hormonal responses associated with emotion. It is triggered before the cortext has had a chance to really "think " about the input.
List the 3 parts of the brain it includes... also what is this referred to ___ ___ ___ |
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Definition
Fast Pathway
Thalamus, amygdala, hypothalums
"fight or flight" |
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Term
| This pathway uses two parts of the brain(list) and gives awareness of the emotion |
|
Definition
Slow Pathway
Thalamus, Cortex |
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Term
| A device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some indicators of emotion? |
|
Definition
Increased Heart Rate
Increased Blood Pressure
Increased Respiration Rate
Galvanic Skin Response (Electrical conductiveity of the skin occurs) |
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Term
| Kleinmuntz & Szucko Study (1984) |
|
Definition
Accuracy of Polygraph
50 Confessed Thieves
50 Innocents
Accuracy=69% |
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|
Term
React to emotional stimuli with physiological response then react to emotional stimuli with physicological response
then become aware of arousal and interepret as emotion |
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Definition
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|
Term
Something in Closet--> Pounding Heart-->Fear
(Perception of Stimuli)-->(Arousal)-->(Emotion)
Theory? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Arousal is often in general form-yet many emotions
It contains two processes
Name the theory and the processes |
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Definition
Cannon-Bard Theory
1. Stimuli transmitted to cortex (awareness of specific emotion)
2. Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
(Physiological arousal) |
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|
Term
Something in closet----------
1. Pounding Heart (Arousal)
2. Fear (Emotion)
Theory? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
1. What is the theory that proposes that
Arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger...
2. What two things must there be for emotion to trigger? |
|
Definition
1. Schacter's Two Factor Theory
2. A. Physicological Response
B. Explantion for arousal |
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Term
| Focues on the genetic basis of emotion |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What 6 emotions did Ekman base his work on? |
|
Definition
1. Anger
2. Fear
3. Happiness
4. Sadness
5. Surprise
6. Disgust |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Konrad Lorenz known for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The instinct of form to attach to the first object encountered |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Harlows Research on isolation
Some monkeys raised in isolation for first 8 months were... |
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Definition
1. Permanently Damaged
2. had conflict with the other monkeys
3. Difficulty mating
4. Neglected abused or killed offspring |
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|
Term
With Harlows Research on Isolation how long of a period could proceed where the effects of isolation could be reversed?
How long for humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Child shows up at office with mother
Child has been confined for 13 years
Only contact with abusive father
Never again normal |
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Term
| Series of abrupt changes from one period to another |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. All children must pass through in the same order
2. More qualitative than quantitative
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Term
Intelligence develops quality with age, as well as quantitatively...
Whose theory is this? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Focused on acquiring mental skills and the stages of cognitive development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development?
(4) |
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Definition
| Sensorimotor, Preoperation, Concrete Operational and Formal Operational |
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Term
| What stage is from birth-2 years? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In what stage does a child learn to coordinate sensory experiences and motor behaviors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage does a child acquire object permanence? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not percieved |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage does a child enter when he/she is Aged 2-7 Years? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What stage does a childs language become more sophisticated with still a little bit of trouble with mental manipulation? |
|
Definition
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Term
In the preoperational stage what problems does a child have to overcome?
(2) |
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Definition
1. Egocentrism (self centeredness)
2. Animism (believe that all things have a conscious) (ex. car won't start because its sick)
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Term
| What stage does a child enter when they are 7-11 years old? |
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Definition
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Term
In this stage the child learns to logically reason about objects and mental manipulation
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the conservation of mass and energy? |
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Definition
| The quantity stays the same despite change in apperance. |
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Term
| What stage does a child reach Age 11-Adulthood? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What stage does a child start using hypothesis testing? |
|
Definition
Formal Operational
(Ex.-All green birds have two heads.. i have a green bird.. how many heads does it have?) |
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|
Term
This theory divided the lifespan into 8 stages
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Eriksons Theory each stage was characterized by a ___crisis involving ___ in important social relationships |
|
Definition
psychosocial
&
transitions |
|
|
Term
| He believes humans are shaped by how individuals deal with psychosocial crisis' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first 4 stages of lifespan according to Erikson's theory occur in ___ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The last 4 stages of lifespan according to Eriksons theory occur in... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
Relatively stable overtime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a person purses reinforcements they would be using the approach of ____ personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a person has an innate drive towards personal growth they would be using the approach of ____ personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a person battles between conscious and the unconscious they would be using the approach of ____ personality |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When a person has a durable disposition to behave the same way in different situations they would be using ____theories |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Phases of development concerning different body parts
where each provides sexual gratification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The failure to move onto the next stage of psychosexual stages is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In psychoesexual stages the interaction with the environment could cause.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Psychosexual Stage that is Birth-18 Months is called
What fixation might occur? |
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Definition
Oral
May lead to nail biting and/or pressmism and suspcion |
|
|
Term
The Psychosexual Stage that is 18 months-3.5 years
What fixation might occur? |
|
Definition
Anal
Difficulties with toilet training |
|
|
Term
The Psychosexual Stage that is 3.5-5 Years
|
|
Definition
Phallic
(Focuses on awareness of sexual organs) |
|
|
Term
The Oedipus complex occurs in what gender?
What is it? |
|
Definition
Male
Young Boys Desire thier mother |
|
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Term
| This 5 year old was afraid to leave the house because of the fear a horse would bite him |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the "Little Hans" case what did Freud say was the problem? |
|
Definition
Little Hans was afraid of erotic feelings towards his mother and aggressive impulses towards his father
(His father had a black mustache--->horse) |
|
|
Term
| What is the electra complex? |
|
Definition
| A greek myth that focuses on avenging a father's death by killing the mother |
|
|
Term
When a Sexual drive lies dormant-no erogenous zone
and Energy is channeled into other activities
What is this called?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the __________period children gradually improve in their use of mental images |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Psychosexual Stage when the sexual drive is awakened and the pursuit of sexual relationships begins is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains a resevoir of unconscious psychic energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Operates on pleasure principle
"if it feels good--do it"
"Immediate gratification" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations
"moral guardian, conscious"
Stop the ID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Largely Conscious
Mediates among the demands of the ID, super ego and reality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Operates on reality principle
Satisfies Ids desires in ways that realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Battle between the id's goal of immediate gratification and societal demands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Banishes Anxiety
&
Arousing thoughts/feelings/memories from conscious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Impulse is shifted towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Redirecting anger towards a safer outlet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expresses impulses but attributes them to others |
|
Definition
Projection
(Ex. not liking someone so percieving that person as not liking you) |
|
|
Term
| Explaining unfavorable feeling/behaviors in a logical manner that protects self esteem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulse into their opposites
"believing the opposite"
It also protects self esteem from "dangerous desires" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Individual retreats to more infuntive psychosexual stage
Behaving in a childish manner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 7 mechanisms used to cope with anxiety? |
|
Definition
1. Repression
2. Displacement
3. Projection
4. Rationalization
5. Reaction Formation
6. Regression
7. Sublimation |
|
|
Term
A negative psychic energy rechanneled into socially approved activities
(Aggressiveness-Sports)
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is true about personality traits?
Personality is ___ over time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Personality is ____ across situations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 main core traits? |
|
Definition
1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
O.C.E.A.N. |
|
|
Term
Which core trait is this?
Curiosity, flexibility, imagination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which core trait is this?
Discipline, Organization, dependabilty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which core trait is this?
Outgoing, upbeat, friendly, assertive, talkative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which core trait is this?
Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which core trait is this?
Anxious, hostile, self-conscious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Outcomes of conscientiousness and extraversion traits might include?
(1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
outcomes of someone with a neuroticistic trait might be...
(2) |
|
Definition
Divorce
Physical and mental disorders |
|
|
Term
Outcomes of a person with a conscientiousness trait might include:
(2) |
|
Definition
Less Illness
Reduced Mortality |
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