Term
| What is an incompetent valve? |
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Definition
| valve which doesnt close completely, so heart pumps same blood over and over |
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Term
| What is a stenotic valve ? |
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Definition
| narrowing of the valve, creating more work for the heart. needs surgery to correct |
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Term
| What nerve slows the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does sympathetic nerves attach to the heart? |
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Definition
| SA node, AV node and myocardium |
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Term
| What is the neurotransmitter used to speed up the heart rate? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors |
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Term
| What is the path of conductivity in the heart? |
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Definition
| Sinoatrial node to Artioventicular node down bundle branches to purkinje fibers for contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast heart beat over 100rpm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Too much K problem with thiazide and loop diuretics |
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Term
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Definition
| common side effect of potassium sparing diuretics |
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Term
| What is an example of a thiazide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a potassium sparing diuretic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a loop diuretic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effects of diuretics? |
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Definition
Decrease blood volume
Decrease venous pressure
Decreases cardiac filling (preload)
Decreases ventricular stroke volume
Decreases cardiac output |
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Term
| What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do? and where? |
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Definition
| stop transport of HCO3 into interstellar fluid at proximal tubule |
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Term
| What do K sparing diuretics do and where? |
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Definition
| distal part of DCT, stops aldo effects, retain K weak effects |
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Term
| What do thiazides do and where? |
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Definition
| inhibit Cl-Na transporter at distal tubule |
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Term
| What do loop diuretics do? where? |
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Definition
| The inhibit tri porter of chlorine,K and Na in thick ascending tubule. 25% of Na |
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Term
| What are the effects of ANG II in nephron? |
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Definition
enhance Na-K exchanger in Pt and TAL
enhance NCC in DT and ENaC in CD |
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Term
|
Definition
V2 in kidney, places aquaporins
V1 vasoconstricts at high concentrations |
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Term
|
Definition
| transport Na in H out to tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| symporter for Na and 3 HCO3 |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the loop of Henle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between PCT and DCT? |
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Definition
| D is held together by tight junctions. P has leaky cells |
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Term
| Where is regulated and non-regulated re absorption in nephron ? |
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Definition
| DCT is regulated, PCT is not |
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Term
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Definition
| distal part of TAL, on afferent arteriole |
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Term
| What is the set of peritubular capillaries located on the loop of henle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is PGE2 used for in GFR? |
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Definition
| vasodilator, counteracts NE and ANG II |
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Term
| What are signals for renin release? |
|
Definition
reduced stretch in JG, Macula densa signals when NaCl low, lack of ATP and high PGE2
or directly by Beta 1 |
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Term
| What is the bodies reaction to high salt content? |
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Definition
| constrict the afferent part of TGF |
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Term
| What are the two intrinsic controls of GFR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of capillary beds are in the glomerular apparatus ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the basement membrane do in the glomerular apparatus ? |
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Definition
| negatively charged to prevent protein from passing through. |
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Term
| What makes up the filtration membrane? |
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Definition
1. the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries.
2. The visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes)
3. The intervening basement membrane of the fused basal laminae of the other layers. |
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Term
| What do Peritubular capillaries connect to? |
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Definition
| efferent arteriole and veins |
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Term
|
Definition
| infection of the renal pelvis |
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Term
| What happens in Pulmonary Hypertension ? |
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Definition
| right side of the heart works harder, leads to leaky fluid into capillaries |
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Term
| What is Congestive heart failure? |
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Definition
| progressive failing of heart leads to poor blood flow. |
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Term
| What type of drugs are used to fight hypertension? |
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Definition
| diuretics, beta blockers, Ca channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs |
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Term
| What is an example of renin inhibitors? |
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Definition
| Aliskiren, causes decrease in blood volume and SNS, vasodilation |
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Term
|
Definition
| AT1 inhibitors, stop ANG II but no bradykinin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is an ACE inhibitor? |
|
Definition
| inhibits remodeling, ANG II formation |
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Term
| What are ACE inhibitors called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cardiogenic shock? |
|
Definition
| heart stops pumping right. |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacterial in blood. extreme vasodilation |
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|
Term
| What is Hypovolemic shock? |
|
Definition
| loss of blood, due to hemorrhage |
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Term
| What is Orthostatic hypotension ? |
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Definition
| the influx of blood flow to the brain when standing, drop in blood pressure |
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Term
| What happens at baroreceptors? |
|
Definition
| increase firing when higher pressure, change physiology |
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Term
| What is the pulse pressure factors? |
|
Definition
(1) stroke volume
(2) speed of ejection of the stroke volume
(3) arterial compliance |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the lymphiod system? |
|
Definition
proliferation of lymphocytes
examine and clean lymph |
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Term
| What creates venous pressure? |
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Definition
| Respiratory pump and muscular pump |
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Term
| What causes varicose veins? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What si unique about oncotic pressure? |
|
Definition
Stays the same throughout a capillary bed
created by plasma proteins, made in liver |
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Term
| Why is velocity of blood flow slow in capillary beds? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What shunts blood quickly through the capillary beds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of capillaries and what do they do? |
|
Definition
Continuous capillary-tight junctions normal bed
Fenestrated capillary- permeable, kidney
Sinusoidal capillary- incomplete membrane allows big things through, such as liver bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| auto correct of blood pressure, by local factors |
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Term
| What is EP on alpha and beta receptors? |
|
Definition
alpha=vasoconstrict
beta=vasodilate |
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Term
| What contributes to resistance? |
|
Definition
blood viscosity
blood vessel length
vessel diameter |
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Term
| What is Echocardiography? |
|
Definition
| ultrasonic way to detect cardiac valves |
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Term
| What is Cardiac angiography? |
|
Definition
| radioactive liquid is pumped through, x ray shows artery clogs |
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Term
| What are extrinsic control of SV? |
|
Definition
| beta 1 receptor and thyroid hormone(contraction) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the effect of pre-load on length-tension of heart muscles |
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Term
How does SNS effect Ca for Contractility
? |
|
Definition
| activates cAMP pathway, leading to opening of L-type Ca channels |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine acts on muscarinic receptor opening K channel and closing Ca T type |
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Term
| What is the effect of SNS on SA node? |
|
Definition
| activates cAMP and opens Funny Na channel and T type Ca channel. Depolarizes |
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Term
| What removes Ca from Cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
Ca2+ ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ ATPase in plasma membrane
Na+-Ca2+ exchanger in plasma membrane |
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Term
| Path of Electrical contraction on heart? |
|
Definition
| SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, branches then purkinje fibers |
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