Term
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Definition
| Treatment to make people feel better & function more effectively |
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Term
| Two Kinds of Modern Therapy |
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Definition
Psychotherapy
Biomedical Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
Insight - help learn more about one self
Action - action strategy, involved in making decisions
Goals - both required, what are you hear for? Accomplish? |
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Term
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Definition
Surgical treatment - Ex. Splitting the brain
Drugs - psychiatric medication
Electroshock - used to stimulate receptors for severe depression |
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Term
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Definition
1500s - mentally ill confined to asylums
• Treatments harsh, often damaging
Philippe Pinel |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychiatrist, demanded humane treatment of mentally ill |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy to reveal unconscious conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
Free association
Dream interpretation
Resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient talks about anything that comes to mind without fear of criticism |
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Term
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Definition
Manifest content - actual content of dream
Latent content - symbolic meaning of dream |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient/client becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient/client projects feelings for important others onto therapist |
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Term
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Definition
Psychoanalysis Today
• Newer term for psychoanalysis
• More focus on transference
• Shorter treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Roger's Person Centered Therapy
Gestalt Therapy |
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Term
| Roger's Person Centered Therapy |
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Definition
• Nondirective insight therapy
• Client talks
• Therapist listens |
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Term
| Four Elements of Roger's Therapy |
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Definition
Reflection
Unconditional Positive Regard
Empathy
Authenticity |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| Referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to understand the feelings of the client |
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Term
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Definition
| The genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client |
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Term
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Definition
(the whole is greater than the sum of its parts)
• Clients accept all of self
• Directive
• Role playing
• Leading questions
• Confrontation of clients' statements |
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Term
| Evaluation of Humanistic Therapies |
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Definition
• Broad application in career, workplace, marriage, etc.
• Works best with intelligent, highly verbal persons |
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Term
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Definition
Action therapies focused on behavior not causes
• Classical & operant conditioning |
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Term
| Learning One's Way to Better Behavior |
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Definition
| Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis -- change behaviors via learning techniques |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
For treating phobias (3 steps)
1. Relaxation training
2. Fear hierarchy (work way up)
3. Progressive exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| Undesirable behavior paired with aversive stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
For treating phobias, stress disorders
• Intense, inescapable exposure to feared situation or object |
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Term
| Operant Conditioning Therapies |
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Definition
Modeling
Participant modeling
Token economy
Contingency contract
Extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning by observation & imitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Model takes client through step-by-step process for desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcers earned and exchanged for desired things |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal agreement on behavior change, reinforcements, penalties |
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Term
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Definition
Remove reinforcer, reduce undesirable behavior
• Time out - removal from situation that reinforces undesirable behavior |
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Term
| Evaluation of Behavior Therapies |
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Definition
• Effective treatment of specific problems
• Controls symptoms quickly and effectively
• Not effective with serious psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Selective Thinking
Focus on only one aspect of the situation
Overgeneralization
Sweeping conclusions based on only one incident
Personalize
Assuming too much personal responsibility
Magnify & Minimize
Negative events blown out of proportion; positive events ignored
personal responsibility
Arbitrary Inference
Jumping to conclusions without evidence |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
Learning to thing more rationally & logically
Three goals:
1. Relieve symptoms and solve problems
2. Develop strategies for solving future problems
3. Help change irrational, distorted thinking |
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Term
| Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy, irrational beliefs challenged and restructured |
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Term
| Evaluation of Cognitive & Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies |
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Definition
• Inexpensive & short term
• Effective for depression, stress, anxiety
• Less effective for serious psychological disorders
• Potential bias tin therapist's opinions |
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Term
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Definition
Family Counseling (family therapy)
Family members meet together with counselor
Self-help Groups (support groups)
Group of people with similar problems meet together without a therapist |
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Term
| Advantages of Group Therapy |
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Definition
• Low cost
• Exposure to others with similar problems
• Social and emotional support |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Group Therapy |
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Definition
• Must share therapist's time
• Lack of privacy (shyness)
• Severely disordered person unable to tolerate group |
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Term
| EMDR: Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing |
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Definition
• Move eye rapidly back & forth while thinking of disturbing memory
• PTSD/other anxiety problems
• Controversial |
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Term
| Effectiveness of Psychotherapy |
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Definition
Problems studying therapy effectiveness
• Placebo effect for control group
• Different lengths of time for different therapies
• 75-90% of those treated improve
• Certain therapies better for certain problems |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between the client and the therapist, perhaps the most important common factor |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy that combines elements of different therapy techniques |
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Term
| Culture and Psychotherapy |
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Definition
Four barriers to effective psychotherapy
1. Language
2. Cultural values
3. Social class
4. Nonverbal communication |
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Term
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Definition
Psychotherapy via internet
• Advantages: cost, anonymity, access
• Disadvantages: uncertain credentials of therapist, lacks vocal/body cues for assessing emotions |
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Term
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Definition
• Affect biological functioning of body and brain
Psychopharmacology
Use of drugs to relieve symptoms of disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations
Ex. Clozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
Calm anxiety reactions
Ex. Xanax; Ativan
• Depress the central nervous system & reduce anxiety by elevating levels of (GABA) neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
Treat bipolar disorder
Ex. Lithium |
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Term
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Definition
Treat depression & anxiety
• Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Tricyclics
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Ex. Prozac, Zoloft, & Paxil
• Improve the mood by elevated levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake |
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Term
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Definition
Psychopharmacology is the study of drug effects on mind and behavior
With the advent of drugs, hospitalization in mental institutions has rapidly declined |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
Electric current passed through two electrodes on both sides of head
• Treatment for severe depression
○ Bilateral (two sides of brain) & unilateral (one side of brain) ECT
○ Side effects - memory loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgery on brain tissue to relieve severe psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Connection between pre-frontal lobe and rest of brain severed |
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Term
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Definition
Deep lesioning of cingulate gyrus via electrode wire
• Severe depression & bipolar disorders |
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