Term
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Definition
| The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
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Term
| Early Explanations of Mental Illness |
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Definition
Ancient times
Evil spirits released via trepanning - process of cutting holes into the skull of a living person
Hippocrates
Mental illness from imbalance of the body's four humors
• Phlegm, back bile, blood, and yellow bile
First to explain abnormal behavior due to biological processes
Middle Ages
Mentally ill labeled witches |
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Term
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Definition
Statistically rare
Danger to Self/Others
Inability to Function
Subjective Discomfort
Social Norm Deviance |
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Term
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Definition
Thoughts, feelings, behaviors
Frequency, intensity, duration |
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Term
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Definition
Etiology
Cause & development of the disorder
Diagnosis
Identifying symptoms & distinguishing one disorder from another |
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Term
| Abnormality in Various Cultures |
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Definition
• Sociocultural perspective & cultural relativity
• Culture-bound syndromes
○ Koro - fear that one's genitals are shrinking
○ Susto - a folk illness with strong psychological overtones defined as a "fright sickness" and (literally) a loss of soul from the body
○ Anorexia Nervosa |
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Term
| Biological Model: Psychopathology |
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Definition
| Behavior caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body |
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Term
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Definition
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Cognitive |
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Term
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Definition
5 Axes of Diagnosis
American Psychiatric Association |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical Disorders
Report disorders/conditions requiring clinical attention
Focus of clinical attention |
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Term
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Definition
General Medical
Medical conditions that affect a mental disorder
General medical conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Global Function
Level of functioning in daily living
GAF - global assessment of function (0-100) |
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Term
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Definition
Personality & Retardation
Maladaptive personality traits and brain development issues
Personality disorders & mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
Psychosocial & Environment
Social & environmental problems impacting treatment
Psychological stressors |
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Term
| Percentage of adults with disorders and major one |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety, concerned about the future |
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Term
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Definition
| Unrelated to any realistic, known source |
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Term
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Definition
• Fear of social situations
• Fear of performance situations
• Humiliating/embarrassment concerns |
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Term
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Definition
• Fear of an object or situation
○ Unreasonable
○ Excessive |
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Term
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Definition
Agoraphobia
Phobia of open places
Acrophobia
Phobia of heights
Claustrophobia
Phobia of closed spaces
Hemophobia
Phobia of blood |
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Term
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Definition
Anxiety about situations or public places
• Panic attack concerns
• Escape concerns
---> avoidance |
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Term
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Definition
• Discrete episodes of intense dread
• Physiological symptoms
• Cognitive symptoms |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
• Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
• Persistent unwanted behaviors (compulsions)
○ Ex. Handwashing, fear of germs, rituals |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
• Persistent & uncontrollable tenseness & apprehension
• "worry about everything all or most of the time" |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
Exposure to a traumatic event
Symptoms
• Intense fear, helplessness, horror
• Haunting memories
• Nightmares
• Social withdrawal
• Jumpy anxiety
• Sleep problems |
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Term
| Causes of Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
Psychodynamic: Repressed urges
Behavioral: Reinforcement
Cognitive: Irrational thinking |
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Term
| Causes of Dissociative Disorders |
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Definition
Psychodynamic:
Behavioral: Reinforcement
Cognitive: Avoiding thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| Take the form of illness & symptoms but no real physical problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological stress causes real physical problem |
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Term
| Types of Somatoform Disorders |
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Definition
Hypochondriasis
Somatization disorder
Conversion disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Terrified of being sick, repeated visits to doctor, always ill-concerned |
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Term
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Definition
| Dramatic complaints of specific symptoms but no real physical cause |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of sensory or motor function but no real physical cause; results from significant stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| Break in conscious awareness, memory, and/or sense of identity |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory loss for personal information related to a traumatic event |
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Term
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Definition
| Travel from familiar surroundings after traumatic event |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
Person seems to have two or more distinct personalities
• Traumatic events
• "core" personality, original self
• Blackouts,
• Reintegration of personalities,
• Controversy |
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Term
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Definition
| Disturbance of mood or affect |
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Term
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Definition
| A person with a mood disorder experiences emotions that are extreme abnormal |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
• Depressed mood
• Anhedonia - lack of pleasure
• Sleep & or appetite disturbance
• Worthlessness, guilt
• Fatigue, poor concentration
• Suicidal thoughts/behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
• Chronic low mood
• Longer duration, lower intensity than major depression (2 years)
Blue Mood ---> Dysthymic Disorder ---> Major Depressive Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
• Expansive, elated mood; irritability
• Inflate self-esteem
• Increased energy
• Pressured speech
• Reduced need for sleep
• Increased/excessive activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Depressive episodes <---> manic episodes |
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Term
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Definition
Psychodynamic:
Behavioral: Learned helplessness
Cognitive: Distorted thinking |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters & Mood Disorders |
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Definition
• A reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been found in depression
• Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine |
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Term
| Types of Eating Disorders |
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Definition
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa |
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Term
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Definition
• Refusal to maintain normal body weight (<85% of expected wt.)
• Intense fear of weight gain
• Distorted self-evaluation
• Amenorrhea - is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age |
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Term
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Definition
• Episodes of overeating
• Followed by "compensatory behaviors"
○ Vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
• Typically normal or above normal weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Western culture tends to place more emphasis on a thin body image in comparison to other cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| Body weight 20% over ideal weight for given height |
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Term
| Possible Signs of Eating Disorders |
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Definition
Dramatic weight loss in a relatively short period of time
Obsession with calories and fat content of food
Hiding food in strange places
Hair loss, pale appearance to the skin
Bruised or callused knuckles, bloodshot eyes with light bruising under the eyes
Frequent trips to the bathroom following meals
Obsession with continuous exercise
Wearing baggy clothes to hide body shape or weight loss
Reading books about weight loss and eating disorders
Complaints of often feeling cold |
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Term
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Definition
• A group of chronic severe disorders
• Onset late adolescence/early adulthood
• Affects 1 in 100 people worldwide (24 million people)
• False beliefs (delusions)
• Disturbed perceptions (hallucinations)
• Psychosis: out of touch with reality
• Disorganized thinking
• Inappropriate emotions and actions |
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Term
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Definition
Positive symptoms
Excesses of , or additions to normal behavior
Delusions
Unshakeable, false beliefs
Hallucinations
Seeing or hearing things that don't exist
Negative symptoms
Less than or an absence of normal behavior
• Poor attention
• Flat affect
• Poor speech production |
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Term
| Categories of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Disorganized
Hallucinations, confused speech, inappropriate emotion, social impairments
Catatonic
Periods of statue-like immobility mixed with bursts of wild, agitated movement and talking
Paranoid
Delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
• Reduction of dopamine reduces symptoms
• Rate of 1 out of 100 worldwide
• Relatedness increases chance of the disease |
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Term
| Schizophrenia: Genetic Factors |
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Definition
| Likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 1991) [CHART] |
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Term
| Abnormal Brain Morphology |
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Definition
| Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled (CHART) |
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Term
| Stress Vulnerability Model |
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Definition
| Genetic predisposition creates physical risk for schizophrenia when sufficient stress |
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Term
| Personality Disorders (Axis II) |
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Definition
Characterized by:
• Inflexible and enduring behavior
• Impairment in social functioning
• Usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
• Lack of morals or conscience for wrongdoing
• Impulsive
• Lacks regard for consequences
• Formerly: "sociopath" or "psychopath" |
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorders |
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Definition
• Moody
• Unstable & unclear sense of identity
• Clings to others, yet pushes them away |
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Term
| Causes of Personality Disorders |
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Definition
Psychodynamic: Unresolved Oedipal complex
Cognitive/Behavioral: Reinforcement, shaping & modeling
Biological: Family relatedness & risk |
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