Term
| Small, infectious particles that consist of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat and, in some cases, a membraneous envelope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have isolated perticles from a patient, but are not sure wheter they have a viral envelope. The presence of which class of biological molecules would allow you to distinguish b/w the 2 types of virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The viral gene contains __ - ___ genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The protein shell that encloses the viral genome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capsids are built from ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________, which are derived from the host cell's membrane, contain a combo of viral and host cell molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viruses that infect bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once a viral genome enters a host cell it begins to manufacture ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle is called a _______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three ways that bacteria protect themselves from phages |
|
Definition
1/ loss of receptors that phages recognize
2. Use of restriction enzymes that cut up certain phage DNA
3. Bac are not always killed by the phage |
|
|
Term
| Phages that use both the lytic and lymphatic cycles are called ________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adenovirus, Papvavirus, Herpesvirus, Poxvirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two key variables used to classify viruses that infect animals? |
|
Definition
1. DNA or RNA
2. single-stranded or double-stranded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genome serves directly as an mRNA and is translated immedietly after infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genome serves as a template for mRNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retroviruses: viruses include a gene called reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA (HIV) |
|
|
Term
| The viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome is called a _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circular DNA in bacteria and yeasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A double-stranded DNA virus, the largest virus yet discovered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ are harmless derivitives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the actual pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with nonfunctional chemokine membrane receptors on their helper T cells as a result of a genetic mutation are immune to HIV infection. Why? |
|
Definition
| HIV cannot enter the host cell |
|
|
Term
| ____________ are circular RNA molecules that can infect plants and disrupt their growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 3 Rs of the Immune System |
|
Definition
| Reconnaissance, Recognition, and Response |
|
|
Term
| _____________ immunity consists of external barriers plus internal cellular and chemical defenses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ immunity dvlps after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign body substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vertebrates/Invertabrates (pick one) have acquired immune systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The digestive system is protected by low ____ and _________, an enzyme that digests microbial cell walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ circulate within hemolymph and carry out phagocytosis (ingestion of foreign substances, including bac) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________________ secrete antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the plasma membranes of bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innate denfenses include ____________, ___________, and ___________________ |
|
Definition
| barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides |
|
|
Term
| 2 addtl defenses that are unique to vertebrates? |
|
Definition
| imflammatory response and natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
| Barrier defenses include __________________ |
|
Definition
| skin and mucuous defenses of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
|
|
Term
| Groups of pathogens are recognized by _____________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________________ engulf and destroy microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________________ are part of the lymphatic system and are found throughout the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________________ discharge destructive enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________________ cells stimulate development of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptides and proteins function in innate defense by attacking microbes directly or impeding their ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ proteins provide innate defense against viruses and help activate macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About __ proteins make up the complement system, which causes ____ of invading cells and helps trigger imflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following an injury ________ cells release histamine, which promotes changes in blood vessels, this is part of the imflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fever is a systemic imflammmatory response triggered by __________ released by macrophages, and toxins from pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ is a life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelmig imflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural killer cells attack damaged cells that no longer contain the _____ protein on their surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one way that pathogens avoid destruction? |
|
Definition
| modifying their surface to prevent recognition or by resisting breakdown following phhagocytosis (ex/ tuberculosis) |
|
|
