Term
| parkinsons is a progressive _ disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 cardinal symtpoms of PD are- |
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Definition
-resting tremor
-muscle rigidity
-bradykinesia
-postural impairment |
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Term
| due to declining _ levels, visual, heart and hypotension develop |
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Definition
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Term
| PD is greater in what nations |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the avg age for PD |
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Definition
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Term
| the pathological hallmark of Pd is |
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Definition
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Term
| in PD there is destreuciton of what brain part and loss of what catecholamine |
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Definition
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Term
| hallmark features of PD are _ problems |
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Definition
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Term
DA in substansia nigra sed axons to_
why is this important? |
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Definition
striatum
striatum/basal ganglion are control of movement |
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Term
degress offunctional motor impairment correlates with-
Pd symtpoms appear when _% are lost |
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Definition
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Term
| *nirgal nueron loss happens with age, PD is just at greater rate |
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Definition
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Term
| lwey bodies are aggreagates of _ |
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Definition
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Term
| a-synuclein normally regulates- |
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Definition
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Term
| diff btwn lewy body dedmentia and PD? |
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Definition
motor prob- PD
cognition prob- demenetia |
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Term
| * normal ppl can have lewy bodies too |
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Definition
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Term
| nigral deletion in DP is example of |
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Definition
| selective neuronal vulnerability |
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Term
| substania nigra is called so becuase of? |
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Definition
| black pigmenet called neuromelanain |
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Term
| neuromelanin is made by nonenzyme oxidaion of |
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Definition
| DA (melanin of skin is comes tyrosine, a meta of dopamine) |
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Term
| what enhances the oxidaiton of DA in subs nigra? |
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Definition
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Term
| genetic correlate hihg or low in PD? |
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Definition
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Term
| genetics invovled in PD segregate in what fashion? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are hte two non mendelian Pd genes |
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Definition
GBA-acid beta glucosidase
UCHL1- |
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Term
| the muttaiton only found in PD pts is |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 4 general genes invovled with PD |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ubiquitan (which tags damaged proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| DJ-1- chaperone proteine to protect misfolding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bc oxidative stress occurs in PD what could be a cause |
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Definition
| mutations in mitchond DNA |
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Term
wwhat are the 2 possible env toxins
what do they each do |
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Definition
6-hydroxydopamine- reactive o2 species thru DA transporter
MPTP-inhibits mitoch complex 1=no ATP |
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Term
what is the active MPTP in the brain?
what converts it to this |
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Definition
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Term
| herbicides/pesticides like rotenone cause PD how |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some drugs that can have PD like symtpoms-3 |
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Definition
metoclopromide
respserine
haloperidol |
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Term
| what are some diseases Pd symoms can be with-3 |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some toxins that can cause PD-2 |
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Definition
MPTP
Guam (flour from cycad) |
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Term
| what is the influenza that can cause PD |
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Definition
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Term
| what is pugilistica and what can is cause |
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Definition
repeated blows to head
PD symptoms |
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Term
| * with O2, DA is easily oxidized and then nigral neurons are put under lots of oxidative stress |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme uses oxygen to synth DOPA |
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Definition
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Term
| which enzyme produces Hydrogen peroxide with DOPAL |
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Definition
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Term
SN neurons containe high what type of iron
this reacts with _ to form the other type |
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Definition
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Term
which iron type reacts with H2O2 ro get hydroxyl radical (the bad one)
why is it bad? |
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Definition
Fe II
destorys DNA and membrane |
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Term
| what shows that oxidative stress happens in SN neurons-2 |
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Definition
reduced gluthatione
damage to lipids and DNa |
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Term
| due to reactive oxygen, which mito complex is reduce and what %? |
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Definition
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Term
| PD brains can show staining for _ that maerks oxidative stress |
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Definition
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Term
selegline is beneficial in Pd why?
why may this not be the only reaosn? |
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Definition
raises PD
bc its metab does so too with inhibits aptoptosis |
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Term
| *vit E and CoQ not effective as antioxidants in Pd |
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Definition
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Term
| *basal ganglia control motor activty by getting info from cerebral cortex and sending to prootre |
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Definition
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Term
| Glutamatergic input go to what in the striatum |
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Definition
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Term
| spiny neurons send info to inernal globulus plalidus (IGP) and subst nigra reticulate (SNR) thru indirect nad direct path wyas |
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Definition
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Term
| the direct pathwya that acts on basal ganglion is tru _ |
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Definition
| GABA synpas eon output neurons |
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Term
| neurons of the direct pathways are char by present of what 2 things- |
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Definition
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Term
| the indirect pathway is where stritum sned axons to external pallidus which then do |
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Definition
| GABA input on subthalmic nucelus to send neurons to IGP |
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Term
| indirect neuonrs are characterized by presence of-2 |
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Definition
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Term
| which pathway inhibits output neuorns? |
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Definition
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Term
output neurons cna send GABA neurons where
this then send Glut neruons where |
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Definition
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Term
| why do you also get emotiona nd cognitive abnormalities in PD? |
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Definition
| the basal ganlion also sends output to frontal and limbic cortex |
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Term
| the net effect of activiatino of the motor program is that it activates nuerons where? |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibitory neurons turn off acitivity of _ neurons and where? |
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Definition
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Term
| in absence of movement, _ neurons are siletn and _ are firing away |
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Definition
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Term
| decreasing the _ neurons causes disinihibition of _ and so then _ of the cortex |
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Definition
IGP/SNR
thalmic; excitiation |
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Term
| *there are diff inputs into the loop of mototr program |
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Definition
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Term
| the acitvity of mototr circuit cna be elarned how? |
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Definition
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Term
| *DA sends afferent to striatum that go to psinr neurons |
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Definition
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Term
DA facilitiates the acitvity of what pathways?
how? |
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Definition
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Term
| DA inhibitss indirect pathway thru what? |
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Definition
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Term
| *DA inhibits output neurons-> disinhibits thalmic neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| ACH in the loss odDA becomes hyperactive and increase IGP/SNR output and inhibitor thalmus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| overactive indidrect pathway |
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Term
| bradykinesai and muscle rigidity are explained by? |
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Definition
| lack of thalmic exictation |
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Term
| resting tremor is explained how? |
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Definition
| oscillary talent that is in bsala ga lgia thalnus cortex-+ |
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Term
| 2 major DA circuits in brain |
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Definition
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Term
| why cna altereing DA lead to psyhosis? |
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Definition
| bc limbic system is also involved with reward and reinforcement |
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