Term
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Definition
| provide shape & support for body |
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Definition
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Definition
| bands from one bone to another to strengthen a joint [btb] |
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Definition
| cords that attach muscle to bone [mtb] |
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Definition
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Definition
| pouches of synovial fluid that cushion movement of muscles over bones/joints |
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Term
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Definition
Flexion vs extension
Abduction vs adduction
Pronation vs supination
Circumduction
Inversion vs eversion
Rotation
Protraction vs retraction
Elevation vs depression |
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Term
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Definition
-open & close mouth: 3-6 cm. between upper & lower teeth ( 3 fingers sideways)
-side to side: 1-2 cm. without difficulty
-protraction & retraction |
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Term
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Definition
-Flexion: 45 degrees
-Hyperextension: 55 degrees
-Lateral bending: 40 degrees
-Rotation: 70 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
-Flexion (forward) 180 degrees
-Hyperextension (low position behind) up to 50 degrees
-Abduction (arms straight, join hands over head)180 degrees
-Adduction (swing arm from above head across midline)50 degrees
-internal rotation (hook bra) 90 degrees
-external rotation (hands interlaced behind head) 90 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
-Flexion: 150-160 degrees
-Extension is 0 degrees (some people lack 5-10 degrees of full extension or have 5-10 degrees more (hyperextension)
-Pronation: 90 degrees
-Supination: 90 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
WRIST
Flexion (down 90 degrees)
Extension (up 70 degrees)
ulnar & radial deviation, turn hands out & in at wrist
FINGERS
flexion, ( down at metacarpophalangeal joint- 90 degrees)
Hyperextension (up at metacarp joint – 30 degrees)
abduction, spread fingers
adduction
touch thumb to each finger |
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Term
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Definition
-Flexion- 90 degrees (knee straight) 120 degrees (knee bent)
-External rotation: 45 degrees
-Internal rotation: 40 degrees
-Abduction; 40-45 degrees
-Adduction: 30 degrees
-Hyperextension: 15 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
-Flexion: 130 -150 deg.
-extend knee: 0 deg.
check knee while ambulate |
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Term
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Definition
-Plantar flexion: 45 degrees
-Dorsiflexion: 20 degrees
-Inversion: 30 degrees
-Eversion: 20 degrees
-Flex and straighten toes |
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Term
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Definition
| dry, cracking sound or sensation of joints at the end of damaged bones |
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Term
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Definition
0 = total paralysis or no evidence of contractility
1 = visible or palpable contraction but no movement
2 = full muscle movement with force of gravity eliminated (passive ROM)
3 = full muscle movement against gravity, but no movement against resistance
4 = full muscle movement against gravity, partial movement against resistance
5 = full muscle movement against both gravity and resistance (“normal”) |
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Term
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Definition
| (sternocleidomastoid & trapezius) (CN XI) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| (holds arm out & up in front of body) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| gluteals, abductors, & adductors together |
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Definition
| sit & perform alternate leg crossing |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal and plantar flexion |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary contractions or twitching of groups of muscle fibers |
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Term
| rotator cuff tear (objective) |
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Definition
normal abduction of shoulder is to be able to, with arm at side, swing arm up to point fingers at sky [180°]
his left shoulder is not going past 90°
client unable to perform abduction without shrugging shoulder
also with pain and muscle atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
screening for carpal tunnel syndrome
flexion of wrists to 90° to compress median nerve
positive test=pain, tingling, & numbness along median nerve within 60 sec. |
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Term
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Definition
percuss lightly over median nerve in wrist
if positive, client feels numbness, tingling, electric sensations, and pain along median nerve |
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Term
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Definition
test for lumbosacral nerve root irritation for example, due to disc prolapse.
perform sciatic stretch test - dorsiflex foot at point of discomfort - test is positive if additional pain results |
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Term
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Definition
rounded, thoracic convexity
(hunchback) |
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Term
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Definition
concave, swayback
(pregnant) |
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Term
| Developmental dysplasia of hip or congenitally dislocated hip (CDH) |
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Definition
aymmetry of gluteal or thigh folds
with CHD femur head actually rests behind acetabulum |
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Term
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Definition
| sign of relocation of a dislocated hip; the hip is gently abducted and the greater trochanter gently lifted anteriorly. |
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Term
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Definition
| knock-knee or knees toGether |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
composed of brain and spinal cord
everything else is peripheral |
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Term
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Definition
controls speech comprehension
*** receptive aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| controls motor coordination, equilibrium, and balance |
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Term
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Definition
controls motor speech
***expressive apahsia |
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Term
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Definition
| controls visual reception |
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Term
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Definition
| receives sensory info and controls motor functioning from right side of body |
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Term
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Definition
| receives sensory info and controls motor functioning from the left side of body |
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Term
| Spinothalamic: Lateral tract |
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Definition
| senses pain and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Posterior (Dorsal) Column |
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Definition
| senses position (proprioception), vibration and finely localized touch (stereognosis) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| senses vibration and finely localized touch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deliver sensory output from CNS |
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Term
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Definition
-Enter and exit brain (not spinal cord)
-12 pairs (CN I – XII)
-Supply primarily head and neck
-Except vagus (CN X) |
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Term
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Definition
-31 pairs
-Length of spinal column
-Mixed nerves: carry both motor and sensory fibers |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| dermal segmentation i.e.: dermatome |
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Definition
Each nerve innervates particular segment of body
Dermatomes overlap |
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Term
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Definition
-Interchanged with dizziness
(Different from syncope)
-Rotational spinning sensation
-Objective vertigo: Room is spinning
-Subjective vertigo: You are spinning
-True vertigo caused by neurologic dysfunction
or problem in vestibular apparatus |
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Term
Mental status exam
4 components (ABCT) |
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Definition
Appearance- grooming, fascial expressions, body language
Behavior- level of consciousness, awareness of environment
Cognition- orientation, attention ability, memory
Thought Processes - think logically, self-perception |
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Term
Neuro dev. considerations
INFANTS |
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Definition
-Neuro system not fully developed at birth
-Motor controlled by spinal cord and medulla
-Lack of cortical control
-Neurons poorly myelinated
-Primitive reflexes control movements inhibited as cortex develops
-Myelination happens cephlo-caudal |
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Term
Neuro dev. considerations
AGING |
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Definition
-Loss of neurons in brain and spinal cord
-Generalized atrophy
-Loss of vibratory sense and position sense at great toe
-Slower nerve conduction
Slowed reaction time
Decreased touch, pain, taste and smell
-Decrease in Cerebral blood flow
Dizziness and loss of balance |
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Term
| Perform full mental status exam with |
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Definition
Memory/behavior change
Brain lesion: CVA
Aphasia
Symptoms of psychiatric illness |
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Term
| important considerations regarding mental status |
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Definition
Known illness
Medication side effect
Response to personal questions |
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Term
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Definition
olfactory
-Not tested routinely
First assess patency (occlude nostrils one at a time-sniff)
Eyes closed
Occlude a nostril
Present an aromatic substance to be identified (different one for each nostril)
*****assess sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
optic
Visual acuity: snellen
Visual fields by confrontation (peripheral) |
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Term
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Definition
| ocuolomotor Pupils: size, equality, direct and consensual light and accommodation (PEARRL) *****EOM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
trigeminal
MOTOR: assess muscles of mastication:
Palpate temporal and masseter muscles as clenches teeth
SENSORY:
Eyes closed
Test light touch with wisp of cotton to forehead, cheeks and chin. Say “now” when felt
-Tests ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
acoustic
auditory acuity
TESTS
Whisper
Weber
Rinne |
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Term
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Definition
glossopharyngeal
gag reflex (w/CN X)
TESTED WITH CN X
Motor: depress tongue with tongue blade while pt. says “ahhhh”
Note: symmetrical pharyngeal movement; uvula and soft palate rise in midline
Positive gag reflex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
spinal accessory
trapezius strength
Examine equal strength of sternomastoid and trapezius muscles for = size.
Rotate head against resistance (bilaterally)
Shrug shoulders against resistance |
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Term
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Definition
hypoglossal
tongue mvmt
Inspect tongue
Stick out tongue
Observe:
Forward midline protrusion |
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Term
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Definition
Facial
MOTOR: note mobility and symmetry
Smile, frown, close eyes tightly (against attempts to open), lift eyebrows, show teeth and puff cheeks (press puffed cheeks in) |
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Term
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Definition
Balance Tests
Gait; Observe as patient walks 10-20 ft
Smooth, rhythmic, effortless
Opposing arms swing in coordination
Step length 15 inches from heel
Request tandem walking (heel to toe) |
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Term
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Definition
| positive Romberg=loss of balance due to loss of position sense |
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Term
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Definition
Tactile discrimination
ability to recognize object by touch & manipulate (key, coin) |
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Term
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Definition
| pt. asked to identify number written on palm with blunt object or examiners finger |
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Term
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Definition
4+=very brisk, hyperactive, with clonus (clonus is oscillations between flexion & extension)
3+=brisker than average, possibly but not necessarily indicative of disease
2+=average, normal
1+=somewhat diminished; low normal
0=no response |
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Term
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Definition
assoc. with C5,C6
partially flex elbow
palm down/up
your thumb over tendon
strike your thumb
observe for flexion at elbow & contraction of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
assoc with C7, C8
strike above olecranon process
use pointed end of hammer
observe for contraction of triceps with extension of lower arm
*** there are other ways to test this, but above way is preferable |
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Term
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Definition
assoc. with C5, C6
elbow is flexed
Hold person’s thumbs to suspend forearms in relaxation
strike tendon about 2-3 in. above styloid process
use pointed end of hammer
observe flexion of lower arm & supination of hand |
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Term
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Definition
assoc. with L2, L3, L4
flex leg at knee
Tap just below patella
Note quad contraction
look for extension of lower leg & contraction of quadriceps muscle |
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Term
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Definition
assoc with L5-S2
flex leg at knee
dorsiflex foot
hold foot lightly
strike Achilles tendon with broad side of hammer
observe for plantar flexion & “jump” of heel |
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Term
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Definition
assoc. with L4, S2
hip should be slightly externally rotated
move from heel to ball of foot on lateral aspect
then cross over toward great toe
plantar flexion=toes curl toward sole
if you get motion resembling Babinski you are not getting normal plantar flexion; you are getting abnormal plantar reflex |
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Term
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Definition
response=dorsiflexion of great toe & fanning of other toes
due to lesion of pyramidal tract or motor nerves
present as normal response in newborns but disappears by 24 mos. |
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Term
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Definition
spinal cord injury
lower motor neuron disease with absent or decreased reflexes
upper motor neuron disease with hyperactive reflexes, clonus, positive Babinski in adult |
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Term
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Definition
| bending a limb at the joint |
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Term
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Definition
| straightening a limb at the joint |
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Term
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Definition
| moving a limb AWAY from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| moving a limb TOWARD the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| turning the forearm d=so the palm is DOWN |
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Term
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Definition
| turning the forearm so the palm is UP |
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Term
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Definition
| moving the arm in a circle AROUND the shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| moving the sole of the foot INWARD at the ankle |
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Term
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Definition
| moving the sole of the foot OUTWARD at the ankle |
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Term
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Definition
| moving the head around the central axis |
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Term
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Definition
| moving a body part FORWARD and PARALLEL to the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| moving a body part BACKWARD and PARALLEL to the ground |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| immobility; consolidation, and fixation of a joint d/t disease |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to perform coordinated mvmts |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral or outward deviation of the great toe |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve pain along the sciatic nerve from that travels from the back of the thigh though the leg into the foot |
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Term
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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Definition
| chronic systemic inflammatory disease of joint and the surrounding connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| S-shaped curvature of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a m. in response to sudden stretch |
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Term
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Definition
| imperfect articulation of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of speech consisting of lack of coordination and inability to arrange wordsin their proper order |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of motor power (paralysis) on one side of the body; usually caused by a stroke. Paralysis occurs on th aside opposite the lesion or the injury |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
abnormal sensation
i.e. tingling, burning, numbness, prickling, crawling... |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory information concerning body mvmts and position of the body in space |
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