Term
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Definition
| average differences between men and women in personality or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| social interpretation of what it means to be a man or woman |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs about how men and women differ or are supposed to differ, in contrast to the what the actual differences are |
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Term
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Definition
| how large a difference between the sexes actually is |
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Term
effect size measurements
letter:
sign:
small:
medium:
large: |
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Definition
measured in d statistics
sign:
negative - women are higher than men
positive - men are higher than women
small: .20 or -.20
medium: .50 or -.50
large: .80 or -.80 |
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Term
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Definition
| medium difference, men score higher |
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Term
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Definition
| small difference, women score higher |
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Term
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Definition
| those who describe sex differences as small and inconsequential |
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Term
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Definition
| those who argue that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects and should not be trivialized |
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Term
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Definition
ability to control inappropriate behaviors or responses
largest sex difference, women higher |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
agreeableness
- Trust:
- Tender-mindedness |
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Definition
Trust: -.25
Tender-mindedness: -.97 |
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Term
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Definition
ability to detect subtle stimuli from the environment
d = -.38 |
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Term
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Definition
includes approach behavior, high activity, and impulsiveness
d = .38 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
components such as anger, difficulty, amount of stress, sadness
no difference until
fearfulness: d = -.12 |
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Term
| reasons not to study sex differences and the reason that people do |
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Definition
- may support political differences or status quo
- may reflect gender stereotypes or biases
- real scientific psychology and social change must happen - they exist, we must study |
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Term
| study of sex differences (Maccoby and Jacklyn) |
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Definition
The Psychology of Sex Differences in 1974
informal summary
later done more precise |
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Term
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Definition
| d= noticeably higher in women |
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Term
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Definition
| women experience more frequent and intense positive and negative emotions |
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Term
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Definition
men are more physically aggressive
90% of homicides and more violent crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| men are higher, greatest difference in teen years |
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Term
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Definition
| interest in casual sex and number of lifetime partners desired (d = positive and reliable) |
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Term
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Definition
| the level of global regard that one has for the self as a person |
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Term
people-things dimensions
(vocational interests) |
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Definition
men tend more toward things
women are more towards people |
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Term
| stereotypical subtypes of men and women |
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Definition
| some argue that people do not hold a single gender stereotype, rather, cognitive categories differentiated into sub-types of men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| nurtruance, expression of emotion, empathy |
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Term
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Definition
| assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self-sufficiency, and instrumentality |
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Term
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Definition
(high masculinity and high femininity)
reflect the notion that a single person could possess both masculine and feminine characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| personality traits that involve working with objects, getting tasks completed in a direct fashion, showing independence from others, displaying self-sufficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| the ease with which one can express emotions, such as crying, showing empathy for the troubles of others, and showing nurturance for those in need |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive orientations that lead individuals to process social information on the basis of sex-linked associations |
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Term
| gender stereotypes: cognitive |
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Definition
social categories
"cads or dads" |
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Term
| gender stereotypes: affective |
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Definition
| how you react to those who you place into a specific social category |
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Term
| gender stereotypes: behavioral |
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Definition
| may discriminate against someone simply because of their perceived category in life |
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Term
| consequences of gender stereotypes |
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Definition
| consequences can damage people in health, jobs, odds of achievements, self-esteem, and social reputations |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that boys and girls become different because boys are reinforced by parents, teachers, and the media for being "masculine", and girls for being "feminine" |
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Term
| Bandura's Social Learning Theory |
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Definition
| children learn from watching the behavior of others, called models, of the same sex |
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Term
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Definition
| sex differences originate because men and women are distributed differently into different occupational and family roles |
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Term
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Definition
| men and women differ not because of the external social environment but, rather, because the sexes have different underlying hormones and physiological differences cause them to diverge over development |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with dominance, massive build up of muscle tissue, and aggressiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| problems that need to be solved in order for an individual to survive and reproduce |
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Term
| hormonal theories: testosterone |
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Definition
| linked with traditional sex differences in behaviors, such as aggression, dominance, career choice, and sexual desire |
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Term
| evolutionary psychology theory |
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Definition
| sexes are predicted to differ only in those domains where people are recurrently faced with different adaptive problems (which much be solved to survive and reproduce) |
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Term
| evolutionary psychology: differences |
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Definition
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Term
| evolutionary psychology: downfall |
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Definition
| no clear accounting for individuality and variation within the sex |
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