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Exam 4 Notes
Personality Types and Traits
220
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/29/2011

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Term
Personality
Definition
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behavior and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment. 
Term
Type
Definition
Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics (assigned to categories)
Term
Type
Definition

Examples:

  1. Sheldon Somatotypes
  2. Eysenck
  3. Type A vs. Type B
Term
Endomorph
Definition
(short plump)meant sociable, relaxed, and even tempered 
Term
Ectomorph
Definition
(tall, thin) restrined, self-conscious, fond of solitude
Term
Mesomorph
Definition

(heavy-set, muscular) 

noisy, callous, fond of physical activity

Term
Eysenck
Definition
Introvert vs. extrovert
Term
Type A
Definition
  • Agreesive when frustrated, impatient, and controlling 
  • Seen as CEO's of companies 

 

Term
Type B
Definition
Opposite of Type A
Term
Traits
Definition
  • Chrematistic patterns of behavior or conscious motives
  • Assumed that most exist in all people to some degree that we can measure the degree to which a trait exists in a person
  • Thousands of words to describe them
Term
Traits
Definition

Example:

  • Disney Movie Belles Traits (innocent, intellectual, happy, nice)
  • Guyton (jerk, arrogant, narcissistic, conceited)
Term
5 factor model of Personality
Definition
Research has shown that various traits tend to cluster (or appear together) in various dimensions.
Term
5 Factor Model of Personality
Definition
  1. Neuroticism
  2. Extraversion
  3. Openness
  4. Conscientiousness
  5. Agreeableness

OCEAN.

Term
Criticism of both Type and Trait Theories
Definition
Identify but dont explain how behavior is caused
Term
Criticism of both Type and Trait Theories
Definition
People are not always consistent in different situations (punctually on regular lecture days  vs. exam days)
Term
Criticism of both Type and Trait theories 
Definition
  • Traits may emerge more in familiar situations
  • When eating dinner at your parents your more talkative rather than eating dinner at your boyfriends
Term
Criticism of both Type and Trait Theories
Definition
  • No conception of development
  • Still types and traits give us a way to describe individual differences in behavior and types and traits can be regarded as predispositions to respond in similar situations
Term
Psychodynamic Theory
Definition
  • Sigmund Freud 
  • Treatement of nervous disorders (hysterical blindness) Through some psychological issue.
Term
Sigmund Freud 
Definition
  • From Vienna, Austria
  • Interested in treatement of nervous disorders
  • adopted "talking cure"
  • developed a theory with personality 
Term

Taking Cure 

Sigmund Freud

Definition
Patients were able to get rid of their symptoms by talking about experiences and problems
Term
Fundamental Concepts to Keep in mind in a Freud Prospective 
Definition
  1. ID
  2. Supergo
  3. Ego
Term
ID
Definition
  • Unconscious portion of personality in which 2 types of instincts reside
  • Something is unconscious means you are unaware of it.
Term
Eros
Definition
Life Instincts 
Term
Libido
Definition
Source of Energy
Term
ID's
Definition
  • Life instincts reflect source of energy
  • Freud lived in the end of the 19th century 
  • Death instincts responsible for aggression and destruction
  • Constantly searching for satisification in your life
Term
ID's
Definition
  • Operates on the pleasure principle of seeking immediate satisifciation of both kinds of instincts, regardless or external considerations. (society rules on rights of others)
Term
ID's
Definition
  • Freud's model was the iceberg (all problems below the water...unconscious)
  • It is below the surface or water, the unconscious
Term
Supergo
Definition
  • Represents values and morals
  • Just as relentless as ID in trying to get a person to act a certain way
Term
Unconscious vs. conscious
Definition
Represents values and morals 
Term

Ego 

(self)

Definition
Operates on reality principle by mediating impulsive demands of ID, restraining demands of supergo, and real-life demands of external world.
Term
Example of 3 Parts working together
Definition
  1. Mr. X is sexually attracted to Ms. Y (ID)
  2. Mr. X does not feel he should have sex with her (supergo), should not have sex, he doesnt even know her.
  3. Mr. X joins a club that Ms. Y is in so he can be closer to her (Ego-what is best for the person)
Term
Important to prevent unconscious conflicts among the id, ego, and the superego from becoming conscious (and leading to anxiety)
Definition
This is achieved by the ego using defense mechanisms
Term
No way she wouldnt do that, remain calm
Definition
Wife cheats on him, needs a defense mechanism
Term
Defense Mechanism
Definition
  1. Denial
  2. Projection
  3. Rationalization
Term
Denial
Definition
Refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality
Term
Projection
Definition
Where you project your anger to something that cannot harm you
Term
Rationalization
Definition
Defend yourself against something bad happening
Term
Example of Rationalization
Definition
  1. Brother-in-law in L.A aren't you worried about earthquakes?  A: Not a big deal, tries to think away anything bad because he likes living there.
  2. Apply for job in Florida, didn't get job.  "I didnt want the job anyway, Florida rains too much."
Term
Personality Development
Definition
Freud believed that personality is affected by how a child deals with changes in the focus of the ID on different parts of the body as the child gets older.
Term
Psychosexual Development Stages
Definition
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic 
Term
Oral
Definition
  • Mouth region
  • Feeding
  • 0-18 months old
Term
Anal
Definition
  • Elimination then retention
  • Understanding on poop
  • 18 months-3 years old
Term

Phallic

 

Definition
  • Sexual love towards opposite sex parent
  • 3-6 years old
Term
The Odeipus Complex with Male Children
Definition
Killed father and married mother
Term

Family triangle of love, jealousy, and fear which is at the root of internalized morality and out of which grows the child's identification with the parent of the same sex

Definition
  1. The child seeks external objects for his erotic urges (since masturbation is bad)
  2. The external object is MOM
  3. DAD is in the way
  4. Fear of DAD castrating him "castration anxiety"
  5. Throws in the towel-renounces Mom and Identifies with Dad
Term
The Electra Complex with Female Children
Definition
Named after the Greek woman who got her brother to kill her mother
Term
The Electra Complex with Female Children
Definition
  1. Females decides Mom constrated her--(penis envy)
  2. Hates mom and loves Dad
  3. Throws in the towel, renounces Dad and indentifies with Mom
Term
Latency Stage
Definition
  • Exploring environment and developing skills 
  • 6 years old to puberty 
  • no interest in the opposite sex
Term
Genital 
Definition
  • Sexual
  • Puberty
Term
Fixation at a stage can affect personality later in life.
Definition

Examples:

  • Anal Fixation: problems during toilet training can lead to a stubborn, compulsive, stingy person 
  • Hold on, didnt want to let go
Term
Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory
Definition
  1. Based only on what he observed with emotionally disturbed adult patients. (Even though it was concerned with development
Term
Criticisms of Psyhodynamic Theorpy
Definition
2. Constructs are ambiguous, difficult in define and test
Term
Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory
Definition
3. Offers after-the-fact explanations of behavior, not predictive 
Term
Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory
Definition
4. Sexual conflicts from childhood are not the only cause of personality.
Term
Positive aspect of his thinking
Definition
  • Emphasis on internal conflict
  • Discussion on sex led to the scientific study of sexuality
  • Scope of theoretical contribution
Term
Scope of Theoretical Contributions
Definition
Unconscious, symptoms of various disorders, personality, family, development, memory, dreams, language (Freudian Slips)
Term
Theories
Definition
  1. Type
  2. Trait
  3. Psychodynamic 
  4. Humanistic
Term
Humanistic Theory
Definition
  • Emphasizes the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward high levels of functioning and fulfillment 
  • (Adapt, learn, grow, and excel)
Term
Humanistic Theory
Definition
  • Concern with person's perception of himself/herself in the present
  • No emphasis on childhood
Term
Humanistic Theory
Definition
Do not like the diea of personality being pushed around by internal instincts (Freud)
Term
Self Actualization 
Definition
Innate push toward growth with all parts of personality working in harmony.
Term
Criticism of Humanistic Theory
Definition
  1. Concepts are "fuzzy"--unclear about nature of concepts
  2. Neglect of environmental variables
  3. Neglect on person's past
  4. Inability to predict behavior
  5. Little to say about individual differences 
Term
Techniques of Personality Assessment
Definition
  1. Objective personality tests
  2. Behavior Observation
  3. Interviews
  4. Projective (unstructured) measures

A. TAT (Thamatic Appercption test)

B. Rorschach Test

Term
Objective Personality Tests
Definition
  • Example: Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory
  • True/False As if your sad, (shows depression)
Term
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory
Definition
  • MMPI
  • Assess a number of psychiatric patterns simultaneously
  • 567 questions
  • Look for certain distinct patterns of responding for different types of mental disorders 
Term
True/Fasle Questions 
Definition

Problem: 

Person can misrepresent himself/herself (lie)

  • To check for above, questions asked that would require subjects to probably lie 
  • (I have never gossiped)
Term
Interviews 
Definition
Conversations with a purpose
Term
Projective (unstructured) measures
Definition
Person projects (Describes) ambiguous picture or pattern
Term
Thematic Appreception Test
Definition
  • TAT
  • Example: Picture shown, asked to tell a story
  • Argument: story you tell gets at what your personality is like
  • Identify with hero or victim of story
  • The scorers look for certain themes (failures)
Term
Rorschach Test
Definition
  • inkblots
  • location, contents, determinants (color, shading)
  • using whole inkblot, indicates integrative thinking
  • using color indicates emotionally and impulsiveness
  • Describing movement indicates imagination and rich inner life
Term
Criticism of Personality Assessment
Definition
Low Predictive Values
Term
Abnormal Psychology
Definition
People are fasinated by abnormality as it realtes to psychological disorders 
Term
WHY people are fascinated by abnormailty as it relates to psychological disorders
Definition
  1. It may be partly because we see something of ourselves in the abnormal (we all get depressed, anxious, withdrawn, antisocial)
  2. It may be because many of us have felt bewildered and have felt the pain of a psychological disorder personality or through family and friends

-so many people have disorders and are not treated 

Term
Norm Violation
Definition
  • A difference in the degree to which behavior or thinking resembles as agreed upon critera
  • varies with culture and times;also often based on statistics

 

Term
Norm Violation
Definition
  • Feeling sad, hallucinating
  • But, Olympic athletes are normal, "gifted"
  • Thus, abnormality as it realtes to psychological disorders involes behavior and thinking
Term
If behavior is considered abnormal..
Definition
  1. Considered atypical
  2. Considered disturbing to others
  3. Unjustifiable-not a normal reaction (laughing at a funeral)
  4. Maladaptive-harmful
Term
Psychopathology
Definition
Study of mental disorders 
Term
Different views of "madess" through history
Definition
Primitive cultures-demonic possessions (evil spirits)
Term

Primitive cultures-demonic possessions

(evil spirits)

Definition
  • Greeks (400 BC)--disease (natural cause-imbalance in body fluids)
  • Middle Ages (5th-6th century AD)--Spiritual context (witches and devils)
  • --Distributed people in asylums (which were like prisons)
Term
1793
Definition
A Critical turing point
Term
Philippe Pinel
Definition
  • Reformed French hospital system
  • Stated that madness was a sickness in response to severe stress and imhumane conditions 
Term
Models of Mental Disorders
Definition
  1. Medical Model
  2. Psychological Model
Term
Medical Model
Definition
Mental disorders are disease that have objective physical causes and require specific treatements
Term
Psychological Model
Definition
Mental disorders are attributed to the interaction of 3 factors
Term
3 Factors in the Psychological Model
Definition
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Socioculture
Term
Biological
Definition
Anatomy and chemistry of the brain and other psychological processes.
Term
Psychological
Definition
Unconscious conflicts, maladaptive ways of viewing the world, and learning
Term
Socioculture
Definition
Abnormality viewed differently around the world
Term
Classifying mental disorders
Definition
  • Traditional Break Down
  • DSM 4R-1994
Term
Neurosis
Definition
  • Symptoms related to ineffetive attempts to deal with reality 
  • Try to reduce anxiety-such as with an obsessive individual
  • Ex: Wash the hands, all the time/ non-violent
Term
Psychosis
Definition
General category for a number of several mental disorders in which perception, thinking, and emotion are impaired
Term
DSM 4R-1994
Definition
Classifies but does not attribute cause
Term
2012 DSM 5
Definition
  • Diagnostic and statical on manner
  • helps in describing, treating, and researching the causes of disorder
  • Assumes Medical Model
  • 230 Psycholgocai disorders and conditions are put into 17 categories, not including neurosis
  • Picture of DSM 4R book
Term
Statistics concerning mental disorders 
Definition
National Institute Mental Disorders
Term
Statistics concerning mental disorders
Definition
  • An estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18+ (1 in 4 adults) suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.
  • For 2006, this would equal57.7 million adults
Term
Phobias
Definition

Example:

Table 3.3 Percentage of American who have ever experienced psychological disorders (highest number is for _____)

Term
2
Definition
Alcohol abuse or dependence is number __.
Term
3/Depression
Definition
Mood disorders is number ___
Term

Alcohol

Definition

Men have more ____ abuse problems vs. women

(25.8-4.6)

Term
Food
Definition
Women have more ___ disorders.
Term
Types of mental disorders 
Definition
  1. Personality Disorders
  2. Anxiety Disorders
  3. Somatoform Disorders
  4. Dissociative Disorders
  5. Affective Disorders
  6. Psychotic Disorders 
  7. Eating Disorders
Term
Personality Disorders 
Definition
Longstanding, inflexible, maladaptive, patterns of perceiving, thinking, or behaving
Term
Subtypes of Personal Disorders
Definition

A. Narcissitic Personality Disorders 

B. Antisocial Personality Disorder

Term
Narcissistic Disorders
Definition
  • Need for constant attention, respond inappropriately to criticism, grandlose sense of self importance
Term
WHY Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Definition
Person does not grow out of view that he/she is center of the world.
Term
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Definition

Example:

Video from clinical doctor

Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
Formally called a sociopath or psychopath
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
  • Typically male
  • Violates the rights of others-violent, criminal, unethical, exploitative
  • Hannibal Lecter (cannibal)
  • Video--ate his liver with beans
Term
WHY Antisocial Personality Disorders
Definition
  • Emotional deprivation in early childhood
  • Learned from parents
  • Arrested moral development
  • Brain abnormalities
  • Heredity
Term
Anxiety Disorders
Definition
  • Originally grouped under "Neurosis"
  • Primary symptoms-anxiety (inappropriate to circumstances) or defenses that ward off anxiety
Term
Subtypes of Anxiety Disorders
Definition

A. Phobias

B. Generalized Anxiety Disorders

C. Obsessive Compulsive

D. Panic Disorders

E. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Term
Phobias
Definition
  • Intense and irrational fear (no real danger or people have exaggerated danger) of some object or situation.
  • Examples: Claustrophobia, Agorophobia, Charlie Brown and Lucy
Term
Claustrophobia
Definition
Closed places
Term
Agorophobia
Definition
Open places
Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorders
Definition
  • Not focused like what a phobia (free floating)
  • Continually tense and uneasy
Term

Obsessive Compulsive 

 

Definition
  • Last a long time
  • Trying to deal with persistent thoughts
  • Cleanliness, locked doors
  • Ex: Obsessed with dirt, so wash hands constantly, checking locked doors, unplugged toaster
Term
Panic Disorders
Definition
  • Short-term-each attack last a short time
  • Sudden, unpredictable feeling of intense fear or terror
Term
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
  • PTSD
  • Anxiety long after an event occurs
  • Ex: Vietnam War, Rape Victims
Term

WHY Anxiety Disorders

Psychoanalytic 

Definition

 

  • Unconscious conflicts (fear of parents)
  • Behavior that once helped to control anxiety (washing hands) becomes a problem itself.
Term

WHY Anxiety Disorders

Behavioral

Definition
Associate anxiety and harmful situation
Term

WHY Anxiety Disorders 

Biological

Definition
Inherited 
Term

WHY Anxiety Disorders 

Observational Learning

Definition
Observe someone who is anxious in a particular situation and then you become anxious in the same situation.
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
Physical complain suggest a physical disorder, but no organic problem is found.
Term
Subtypes of Somatoform Disorder
Definition

A. Hypochondria

B. Converse Disorder 

Term
Hypochondria
Definition
  • Preoccupied with body sensations, despite assurance that there is no problem.
  • Interpret small symptom as a sign of a serious illness.
  • Example: Video: Woody Allen
Term
Converse Disorder
Definition
Loss of specific sensory or motor functions (hysterical disorders)
Term

WHY Somatoform Disorders 

Psychoanalytic

Definition
  • Conversation of emotional problems to a physical problem
  • Example: Punished for masurbating and then lose sensation in hand
Term

WHY Somatoform Disorders

Behavioral

Definition
Learn that sickness can avoid unpleasant situation
Term

WHY Somatoform Disorder

Biological 

Definition
Unusual sensitivity to internal processes 
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
  • Some part of memory or personality fragmented from the rest (to separate)
  • Temporary alteration of consciousness
Term
Subtype of Dissociative Disorders
Definition

A. Dissociative Amnesia

B. Dissociative Fugue (loss of ID)

C. Dissociative Identify Disorder (Multiple Personality)

Term
Dissociative Amnesia
Definition
  • Selective memory loss brought on by extreme stress.
  • Example: Video on Dissociative Amnesia 
Term
Dissociative Fugue
Definition
Loss of Identify
Term
Dissociative Identify Dissorder
Definition
  • Multiple Personality
  • Sybil, eve, Hershel Walker
  • Example: Oprah, Interview with Kim Noble
Term

WHY Dissociative Disorders?

Psychonanalytic

Definition
Block out thoughts (typicall from children) that causes anxiety
Term

WHY Dissociative Disorders

Behavioral

Definition
Blocking out of unwanted thoughts is rewarding
Term
Affective (Mood) Disorders 
Definition
Disturbances of mood in which the person is either excessively depressed (loss of interest or pleasure) or elated (manic) or both (biopolar)
Term
Manic 
Definition
Elated 
Term
Biopolar
Definition
Both
Term
Subtypes of Affective Disorders
Definition

A. Depression

B. Manic Disorder

C. Biopolar Disorder

Term
Depression
Definition
  • Example: Video on Depression on campus
  • Symptoms: Think of yourself as failure, paralysis of will (lack of motivation), loss of appetite for food and sex, dont sleep, general state of weakness and fatigue (part from not eating), 2 or more weeks of feeling sad
  • Suicide-some forms of depression implicated in 40-60% of suicides
Term
Manic Disorder 
Definition
  • Elated and very active and emotional state
  • Impulsive
  • Unrealistic Optimism 
  • High Energy
  • Severe Agitation
Term
Bipolar Disorder
Definition

Example:

Video on Personal Experience 

Term

WHY Bipolar Disorder

Psychoanalytic 

Definition
Real or imagined loss of a loved one turns anger against oneself (depression)
Term

WHY Bipolar Disorder

Behavioral

Definition

Lack of reinforcement 

(depression)

Term

WHY Bipolar Disorder 

Cognitive

Definition

Negative and self blaming thoughts 

(depression)

Term

WHY Bipolar Disorder

Biological

Definition
  • Heredity
  • Neurotransmitters-low level of serotonin
Term
Subtype of Psychotic Disorders
Definition

A. Schizophrenia

 

Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
  • Split Mind
  • Out of touch with reality
  • Prevalent-2% of population will have episode during lifetime
  • About half the country's mental health hospitals beds are occupied by these patients
Term
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Definition
  • Pervasive thought disturbance
  • Fluid thinking
  • Difficulty with selective attention
  • Withdrawl from social contact
  • Delusions (misinterpret real events)
  • Hallucinations 
Term
Delusions
Definition
  • Misinterpret of real events
  • Grand Jar?
  • Paranoid 
Term
Paranoid
Definition
Some people or group is posing a serious personal threat when there is none
Term
Halluninations 
Definition
No actual stimuli
Term
Definition
Women who howed at the moon, had many hallucinations, her talking is not always clear
Term

WHY Psychotic Disorders

Cognitive

Definition
Inability to keep things in proper focus
Term

WHY Psychotic Disorders 

Biological

Definition

A. Viral Infection during pregnancy might impair development of fetal brain

B. Heredity

C. Neurotransmitters--too much dopamine being transmitted

Term
Eating Disorders
Definition
Deprived oneself of food or prevent food from being digested 
Term
Subtype of Eating Disoreder
Definition

A. Anorexia Nervosa

B. Bulimia Nervosa

Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
  • 1% of all adolescents
  • 95% Female
  • Fanatical dieting (self-starvation)
  • Intense interest in food, but view eating with digest
  • Not aware that dieting behavior is abnormal
  • Menstruation often affected
Term
WHY Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
  • Environment:
  • At a time when young women come to grips with their changing bodies and sexuality, society bombards them with ads for rich foods and ads espousing a slim body
  • Over dependence on parents may lead to a fear of becoming sexually mature and independent.  By not eating, you delay sexual maturity
Term
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition
  • Binge on high calorie foods in a short period of time and then purge (vomit)
  • Secretive behavior (aware that behavior is abnormal)
Term
WHY Bulimia Nervosa
Definition
At a time when young women coming grips with their changing bodies and sexuality, society bombards them with ads for rich foods and ads espousing a slim body.
Term
4 General Types of Treatment
Definition
  1. Diagnosis
  2. Ethology
  3. Prognosis
  4. Tretment
Term
Diagnosis 
Definition
Label
Term
Etiology
Definition
Determined cause
Term
Porgnosis
Definition
Estimate course of problem with and without treatment 
Term
Biological Treatments
Definition
  • Deal with body, often by changing the brain's functioning 
  • Typically Psychiatrists
Term
Biomedical Treatment
Definition

In the past..

-Bloodletting (1517)

-Dunking in water

-Trephining (Drill holes in skull to treat illness)

Term
Drug Therapy Today
Definition
  • Anti-Psychotics
  • Tranquilizers
  • Antdepressants
  • Lithium
Term
Anti-Psychotics
Definition
Chlorpromazine (throazine) block dopamine which has been implicated as a passable cause of schizophrenia
Term
Tranquilizers
Definition

Calm and relax

(valium and librium)

Term
Antidepressants 
Definition

(Prozac) 

-Increase norepinephrene and serotonin

Term
Lithium 
Definition
Bipolar Disorder
Term
Problems of Drug Therapy
Definition
  • Side Effects (dry mouth, blurred vision)
  • Regulating dosage 
  • Drug Dependence 
  • Interaction of drugs (mix of other drugs)
  • Not necessarily a cure (DAMPERING the symptoms)
Term
Psychosurgery
Definition
  • Prefrontal Lobotomy 
  • Thoughts to disconnect person from emotions and past trauma
  • BUT, Brain damage including loss of memory, emotion, personality
  • Only used in most extreme cases (when nothing else works-intraction psychosis)
Term
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Definition
Cuts connection between thalamus and frontal lobes
Term
Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
Definition
  • Electrical current put through brain at each side of forehead
  • Loss of Consciousness, followed by seizure
  • Originally used with schizophrenics, then used with severely depressed individuals
  • now used only if drugs are inefficient or person is suicidal
  • Not clear how it works, but may increase norepinephrine which evaluates arousal and mood
Term
Subtypes of Biomedical Treatments
Definition

A. Drug Therapy

B. Psychosurgery

C. Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ETC)

Term
Psyhotherapy
Definition
Use of psychological methods to help people modify their behavior so they can more satisfactorily adjust to their evnironment
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
  • It involves 
  • Emotion re-education
  • Interpersonal learning
  • Having person achieve greater self-knowledge 
Term
Types of Psychotherapy 
Definition

A. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic 

B. Behavior Therapy (Behavior Modification)

C. Humanistic Therapy 

D. Cognitive Therapy

Term
Intrapsychic Harmony
Definition
Person must achieve access to his buried thoughts and wishes, gain insight and resolve them
Term
Problems stem from unconscious defenses pitted agianst unacceptable urged dating back to childhood 
Definition
Person must achieved acess to his buried thoughts and wishes, gain insight and resolve them
Term
Technique
Definition
Therapist sits behind patient, remaining neutral and mostly silent
Term
Types of Techniques
Definition
  1. Free association
  2. Interpretation Dreams
  3. Transference 
Term
Free Association
Definition
Bring unconscious (repressed) thoughts into consciousness, and these thoughts are interpreted by analyst (manifest vs. latent content)
Term
Manifest Content
Definition
Person's words itself
Term
Latent Content
Definition
Underline meaning of what is said
Term
Manifest Content
Definition

Example of Type of Content:

Patient talks about being possessive in a relationship.

Term
Latent Content
Definition

Type of Content:

Interpreted as due to father abandoning patient as child

Term
Interpretation Dreams
Definition
  • Manifest vs. Latent Content
  • The goal is the person must not just remember things from unconscious, but most region across to the feelings that went along with them
  • Allow for catharsis--emotional release
Term
Manifest
Definition
Riding a horse
Term
Sexual intercourse
Definition
Latent
Term
Interpretation Dreams
Definition

Example:

Sadness of being abandoned 

Term
Transference
Definition
  • Patient responds to analyst in personal terms (transfer their feelings to the therapist)
  • Analyst identified with a person who has been at the center of emotional conflict in the person's past.
Term

Behavior Therapy

(Behavior Modification)

Definition

Importance of unlearning stimulus-response association and learning new S-R association.

(Two types operant and classical for association)

Term
Subtypes of Classical Conditioning Techiniques
Definition

A. Systematic Desensitization

B. Implosion Therapy 

C. Aversion Therapy

Term
Systematic Desensitization
Definition
  • used with phobias
  • 1. Learn relaxation techniques-relax muscles when tense 
  • 2. Fear Hierarchy-least to most feared situation 
  • Desenstization-imagine each situation while staying relaxed (having you make a different association with the fear of planes-fear replaced by relaxation)
Term
Desensitization
Definition

Imagine each situation while staying relaxed

(having you make a different association with the fear of planes-fear replaced by relaxation)

Term

Implosion Therapy

(Flooding)

Definition
  • No Hierarchy
  • Continuous, intense exposure to anxiety provoking situation (Scared of planes?..get on one)
  • Ex: Keep hand washer from washing hands, stop doing it.  Problem: Anxiety attack
  • BUT, implosion may cause more anxiety
Term
Aversion Therapy
Definition
  • Learn negative association
  • Drinking and nausea
  • (smell alcohol and get sick)
  • (positive association replaced hits in head with Ross)
Term
Use of Operant Conditioning
Definition

Reinforcement:

-Token Economy-reward behavior with token (positive)

Punishment

-Time Out

**Behavior techniques extremely effective because they pin point a specific behavior and change it)

Term
Token Economy
Definition

Reward behavior with token

(positive reinforcement)

Term

Humanistic therapy

 

Definition
  • Goal is growth in self-awareness and self-acceptance, not cure
  • Help client fulfill their potential, recognize their freedoms, and enhance their self-esteem
  • Must treat person as global level (unlike behaviorists)
  • stress the present
Term
Client Centered
Definition
type of humanistic therapy
Term
Carl Rogers
Definition
Man who came up with Client Centered type
Term

Client Centered 

 

Definition
  • Have client arrive at insight make their own interpretations, and take responsibility for their thoughts and actions.
  • Reflection of feeling-therapist paraphase what client said to help client understand their emotions
Term
Non-Direct
Definition
Therapist does not direct client to a specific topic
Term
Therapist shows unconditional positive regard
Definition
Creates an atomosphere of acceptance and feedback
Term
Types of Cognitive Therapy
Definition
  1. Modeling
  2. Social Skill Learning
  3. Cognitive Reconstructing
Term
Modeling 
Definition
Observe models
Term

Social Skill learing

 

Definition

Example:

-Learn when, where, why, and how to say something to someone else

-Importance to generalization (take what said in therapy, and apply to certain situations)

Term
Generalization
Definition
-Take what is said in therapy and apply it to certain situations
Term
Cognitive Reconstructing
Definition

Change the way a person thinks about themselves and the world

-Example:

Rational Emotive Therapy

 

Term
Rational Emotional Therapy
Definition

-Change False (irreational) beliefs

-Example: "Everyone must hate me"

Term
Ecletic Approach
Definition
How many therapist serach for the best therapy
Term

Cognitive Therapy

(depression)

Definition
Therapy that works better than most
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