Term
| Pave the way for the evolution of new and diverse forms of life but takes millions of years for Earth to recover. |
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Definition
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Term
Encompasses the major biological changes evident int he fossil record.
Includes the formation of new species. |
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Definition
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Term
The focal point of macroevolution
May occur based on two contrasting patterns. |
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Definition
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Term
In ____________ _________:
A population transforms but does not create a new species. |
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Definition
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Term
In _________ __________, one or more new species branch from a parent species that may:
Continue to exist in much the same form
Change considerably. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a Latin word meaning Kind or appearance. |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
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Definition
| Biological species concept |
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Term
| The biological species concept cannot be applied in all situations, including: |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ ________ prevent mating or fertilization between species. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prezygotic barriers include |
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Definition
Temporal isolation
Habitat isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation |
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Term
| ___________ ________ operate if: |
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Definition
Interspecies mating occurs
Hybrid zygotes form |
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Term
| Postzygotic barriers include: |
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Definition
Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown |
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Term
| A key event in the potential origin of a species occurs when a population is severed from other populations of the ________ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Allopatric speciation, due to geographic isolation
Sympatric speciation, without geographic isolation. |
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Term
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Definition
Fragment a population into two orm ore isolated populations
Contribute to allopatric speciation |
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Term
| __________ occurs only with the evolution of reproductive barriers between the isolated population and its parent population. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympatric speciation occurs: |
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Definition
While the new species and old species live in the same time and place.
If a genetic change produces a reproductive barrier between the new and old species. |
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Term
__________ can:
- Originate from accidents during cell division
- Result from the hybridization of two parent species. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many domesticated plants are the result of sympatric speciation, including... |
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Definition
Oats
Potatoes
Bananas
Peanuts
apples
coffee
wheat |
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Term
| There are two contrasting models of the pace of evolution: |
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Definition
The gradual model
The punctuated equilibria model |
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Term
| The _______ _____, in which big changes (speciations) occur by the steady accumulation of many small changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ model, in which there are long periods of little change, equilibrium, punctuated by abrupt episodes of speciation. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ is closely tied to the history of the Earth. |
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Definition
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Term
The sequence in which fossils appear in rock strata
An archive of macroevolution |
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Definition
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Term
| Geologists have established a _________ ____ _____ reflecting a consistent sequence of geologic periods. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ ___ of fossils, revealing the sequence in which groups of species evolved |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ ___ of fossils, requiring other methods such as radiometric dating. |
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Definition
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Term
The most common method for dating fossils
Based on the decay of radioactive isotopes
Helped establish the geologic time scale. |
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Definition
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Term
| About 250 million years ago |
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Definition
Plate movements formed the supercontinent pangaea
The total amount of shoreline was reduced
Sea levels dropped
the dry continental interior increased in size
Many extinctions occured |
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Term
| Plate tectonics explains: |
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Definition
Why Mesozoic reptiles in Ghana (West Africa) and Brazil look so similar
How marsupials were free to evolve in isolation in Austalia |
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Term
| The fossil record reveals that five mass extinctions have occurred over the last ___ _______ years. |
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Definition
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Term
The _______ ____ extinction:
Occurred at about the time the merging continents formed Pangaea (250 million years ago)
Claimed about 96% of marine species. |
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Definition
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Term
The __________ __________ occurred at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 65 million years ago.
Included the extinction of all the dinosaurs except birds
Permitted the rise of mammals |
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Definition
| The Cretaceous extinction |
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Term
| About 65 millions years ago, the fossil record shows that: |
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Definition
The climate cooled
Seas were receding
Many plant species died out
dinosaurs (except birds) became extinct
A thin layer of clay rich in iridium was deposited. |
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Term
| Each species is assigned a two-part name or _______, consisting of the _____ a name unique for each species. |
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Definition
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Term
| Species that are closely related are placed into the same _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _________ extends to progressively broader categories of classification, from genus to: |
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Definition
Taxonomic hierarchy
-family
-order
-class
-phylum
-kingdom
-domain |
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Term
| The goal of ___________ is to reflect evolutionary relationships. |
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Definition
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Term
Bioligists use ____________ _____ to:
-Depict hypotheses about the evolutionary history of species
-Reflects the hierarchical classification of groups nested within more inclusive groups |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the scientific search for clades. |
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Definition
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Term
Consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants
Forms a distinct branch in the tree of lfie |
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Definition
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Term
Divided all known forms of life between the plant and animal kingdoms
Prevailed with his two-kingdom system for over 200 years |
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Definition
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Term
| In the mid-1900s, the two-kingdom system was replaced by a five-kingdom system that... |
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Definition
placed all prokaryotes in one kingdom
divided the eukaryotes among four other kingdoms |
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Term
| In the late 20th century, molecular studies and cladistics led to the development of a _____-______ ______, recognizing: |
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Definition
Three-domain system
two domains of prokayotes (bacteria and archaea)
One domain of eukaryotes (eukarya) |
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Term
Have repeatedly occurred throughout Earth's history
Were followed by a period of great evolutionary change |
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Definition
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Term
______ ________ indicates that: Mammals first appeared about 180 million years ago.
The number of mammalian species
-Remained steady and low in number until 65 million years ago and then
- Greatly increased after most of the dinosaurs became extinct. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ _______ patterns are changing because of rising concentration in the atmosphere of ___ and other _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| CO2, water vapor, and methane are all __________ gases. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ _____ are transparent to solar radiation, absorb or reflect heat, and contribute to increases in global temperatures. |
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Definition
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Term
Greater over land than sea
Greatest in the northernmost regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Peninsula |
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Definition
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Term
| Overall, the uptake of CO2 by photosynthesis roughly equals the release of CO2 by cellular |
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Definition
| Accumulation of greenhouse gases |
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Term
| In many plants and animals, life cycle events are triggered by... |
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Definition
warming temperatures
day length |
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Term
| As global temperatures ____, and day length remains steady, natural interactions may become ___ __ ____. |
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Definition
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Term
When global temperatures ____ and day length remains steady
Plants may bloom before pollinators have emerged.
Eggs may hatch before dependable food sources are available. |
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Definition
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Term
| The combined effects of _______ ______ on forest ecosystems in western North America have spawned catastrophic wildfire seasons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Warmer weather helps bark beetles |
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Definition
bore into drought-stressed confiers
Reproduce twice a year instead of just once |
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Term
| The amount of greenhouse gas emitted as the result of the actions of a single individual is that person's ______ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
Reducing our use of energy
Driving less
Recycling |
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Definition
| Possible way to reduce our carbon footprints |
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Term
| The expanding human population threatens... |
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Definition
Biodiversity
The loss of natural ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
Purify air and water
Decompose wastes
Recycle nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
Buffer coastal populations against hurricanes
Reduce the impact of flooding rivers
Filter pollutants |
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Term
____________ includes:
-Genetic diversity
- Species diversity
- Ecosystem diversity |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ __________ within populations of a species is the raw material that makes ______________ and __________ to the environment possible. |
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Definition
Genetic diversity
Microevolution and adaptation |
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Term
| _______ __________ for that species are lost if local populations are lost, population experiences bottleneck effect, and the number of individuals in a species declines. |
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Definition
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Term
| The present rate of species loss... |
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Definition
May be 1,000 times higher than at any time in the past 100,000 years
May result in the loss of half of all living plant and animal species by the end of this century |
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Term
| The local __________ of one species can have a negative effect on the entire ecosystem |
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Definition
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Term
| The loss of ecosystems risk the loss of ___________ _________, including air and water purification, climate regulation, erosion control. |
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Definition
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Term
An estimated 20% of the world's coral reefs have been destroyed by human activities
24% are in imminent danger of collapse
Another 26% of coral reefs may succumb in the next few decades if they are not protected |
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Definition
| Coral reefs are rich in species diversity yet they are endangered |
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Term
Habitat destruction and fragmentation
Invasive species
overexploitation
pollution
are... |
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Definition
| Four main factors for the loss of biodiversity |
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Term
Agriculture
Urban development
Forestry
Mining
Are... |
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Definition
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Term
compete with native species
prey upon native species
parasitized native species |
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Definition
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Term
| People have _____________ wildlife by harvesting at rates that exceed the ability of populations to rebound. |
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Definition
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Term
Tigers
Whales
The American bison
Galápagos tortoises |
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Definition
| Animals affected by excessive harvesting |
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Term
| ____ ______________ is a threat to forest ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. |
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Definition
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Term
| Aquatic ecosystems may be polluted by toxic |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism's ______ ___________ includes other individuals in its own population and populations of other species living in the same area. |
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Definition
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Term
| An assemblage of species living close enough together for a potential interaction is called a _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ ____________ are interactions between species. |
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Definition
| Interspecific interactions |
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Term
| ____ interactions occur when two populations in a community compete for a common resource. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ interactions are mutually beneficial, such as between plants and their pollinators. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ interactions occur when one population benefits and the other is harmed, such as in predation. |
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Definition
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Term
| An ecological _____ is the sum of an organism's abiotic and biotic resources in its environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ _________ _________ states that if two species have an ecological niche that is too similar, the two species cannot coexist in the same place. |
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Definition
| Competitive exclusion principle |
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Term
| In _________, both species benefit from an interaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| One example is the mutualistic relationship of coral animals and the unicellular algae that live inside their cells. |
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Definition
The coral gains energy from the sugars produced by the algae.
The algae gain
-a secure shelter
-Access to light
-Carbon dioxide
-Ammonia, a valuable source of nitrogen |
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Term
| _________ refers to an interactions in which one species (the predator) kills and eats another (the prey). |
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Definition
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Term
| Numerous adaptations for predator avoidance have evolved in prey populations through _______ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ __________ is camouflage and a way for prey to hide from predators. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ __________ is a brightly colored pattern and a way to warn predators that an animal has an effective chemical defense. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Spines, thorns, and chemical toxins are all... |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ _________ is the feeding relationships among the various species in a community. |
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Definition
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Term
| A community's _______ _________ determines the passage of energy and nutrients from plants and other photosynthetic organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| The trophic level that supports all other trophic levels consists of autotrophs, also called, _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| All organisms in trophic levels above the producers are heterotrophs, or __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ _________ are called ___________, which eat plants. |
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Definition
Primary consumers
herbivore |
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Term
| All organisms in trophic levels above the producers are heterotrohps, or ________. |
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Definition
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Term
__________ _________ eat primary consumers.
________ _________ eat secondary consumers.
__________ ________ eat tertiary consumers. |
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Definition
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Quaternary consumers |
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Term
_________ eat producers and consumers.
Form woven ecosystems called ____ _____. |
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Definition
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