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| Any trait, or cluster of traits, that increases the fitness of an organism |
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| The ability for phenotypes to be influenced by the environment |
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| The most powerful method for testing a hypotheses. Requires a testable hypotheses and a series of steps to support it. |
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| Used when experimental studies are impractical; requires evidence based off from visual observations |
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| Used to support a hypotheses by testing for patterns across species, such as correlations between traits and features of the environment |
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| Show a genotype's change in phenotype across a range of environments |
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| Occurs at all levels of organization |
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| A visual difference between the males and the females of a species |
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| Differential reproductive success due to variation among individuals in success at getting mates |
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| Selection among members of the same sex |
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| Selection between members of the opposite sex |
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| The amount of time and energy expended on constructing offspring as well as caring for it after it's born |
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| If a female mates with two males, the male whose sperm reaches the egg first has a higher reproductive success. |
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| The killing of offspring within a population |
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| The act by a female, mating with more than one male to increase chance of successful reproduction |
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| An act that results in fitness gain for both participants |
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| An act in which the individual instigating the action pays a fitness cost and the individual on the receiving end benefits |
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| Coefficient of Relatedness |
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| The probability that the homologous alleles in two individuals are identical by descent |
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| Direct fitness due to personal reproduction and indirect fitness due to additional reproduction by relatives |
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| Personal reproductive success |
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| Reproductive success by relatives made possible by an individual's actions |
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| Natural selection in favor of behavior that may decrease an individuals chance of survival, but increase that of their kin |
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| Males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, while females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. Resulting in females being more closely related to their siblings than their own offspring |
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| Social behaviors that have consequences for individuals other than the actor. Example: Selfish behavior increasing the fitness of the actor but decreasing the fitness of the recipient |
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| Siblings kill each other while parents look on passively |
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| Altruistic behaviors or acts carried out in return for similar help in the future |
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| Hamilton's Rule; if the statement is true then the allele for altruistic behavior will spread. B=benefit, r=coefficient of relatedness, C=cost |
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| Mapped out London wells to track where the Cholera contamination was coming from |
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| biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins |
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| a microorganism, in the widest sense such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus, that causes disease in its host |
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| Specific parts of a foreign protein that the immune system recognizes and remembers |
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| The set of species descended from a particular common ancestor; "monophyletic group" |
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| A chemical, typicaly extracted from a microorganism, that kills bacteria by disrupting a particular biochemical process |
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| Bacteria that have survived and reproduced, producing offspring that are not affected by antibiotics |
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| The damage inflicted by a pathogen on its host; occurs because the pathogen extracts energy and nutrients from the host and because the pathogen produces toxic metabolic wastes |
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| Parenting vs Step Parenting |
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| Children of step parents often experience more time being ill than children of biological parents |
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| Oldest concept; assumed that similar morphological characters indicates relatedness |
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| Biological Species Concept |
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| Populations that don't hybridize or fail to produce offspring that can hybridize are isolated; useful for sexually reproducing organisms |
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| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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| Standard concept in bacteria and eukaryotes; basis of systematics; expensive and some allopatric species could be considered separate species |
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| Loss of genetic variance that occurs when a new population is established from a small group from a larger group |
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| A population of organisms that has little genetic mixing between other organisms of the same species |
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| The process of speciation through physical isolation of members of a species |
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| The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic location |
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| Physical split in species distribution |
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| Systematic term from cladistics denoting the closest relatives of a group in a phylogenetic tree |
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| Organisms containing more than two paired sets of homologous chromosomes |
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| Reproductive isolation between populations caused by differences in mate choice or timing of breeding, so that no hybrid zygotes are formed |
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| Reproductive isolation between populations caused by dysfunctional development or sterility in hybrid forms |
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| exists where the ranges of two interbreeding species or diverged intraspecific lineages meet and cross-fertilize |
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