Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is controlled by somatic |
|
Definition
| skeletal music-striated muscle |
|
|
Term
| which sensory info does somatic control |
|
Definition
| -sensory info back to brain, all senses except vision |
|
|
Term
| what does autonomic control |
|
Definition
motor
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands |
|
|
Term
| what are two parts of autonomic |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located below the caudal part of spinal cord.
bundle of spinal roots bathed in csf |
|
|
Term
| what surgery do they do at cauda equina and why |
|
Definition
less nerves so do spinal tap
-anesthetic for woman |
|
|
Term
| function spinal nerves in somatic |
|
Definition
| mixed nerves-motor and sensory |
|
|
Term
| how many pairs of spinal nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spinal cord section names and nerves as you go down |
|
Definition
cervical 8
thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacral 5
coccys 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-central gray and surrounding white matter.
-white matter diminishes on the way down in coordination to grey matter due to the nerves going out the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons(unipolar)
-bring info to spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-goes out to smooth muscles, and cardiac and skeletal
-located in grey matter |
|
|
Term
| what happens to roots when they pass intervertebral foamens |
|
Definition
| they become spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| where is white and grey matter located in spinal cord |
|
Definition
grey is on inside
white is on outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the one cranial nerve that doesn't serve face and neck and its number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excitation of chest and abdomen
-taste
-swallowing |
|
|
Term
| why is it called vagus nerve |
|
Definition
| branches wander in thoracic and abdominal cavities like vagabond |
|
|
Term
| which sensory system is not located outside cns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumonic for names of cranial nerves |
|
Definition
on old Olympus towering tops, a fin and German viewed some hops
-olfactory
-optic
-oculomotor
-trochlear
-trigeminal
-abducens
-facial
-auditory
-glossopharyngeal
-vagus
-spinal accessory
-hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| 3rd 4th 6th cranial nerve |
|
Definition
| moving eyes; diameter of pupil;thickness of lens in eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chewing, sensory of front of face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facial expression, salvatory glands and taste receptors and tear glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is 8th cranial nerve called |
|
Definition
| vestibular cochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taste, salivation, swallowing muscles, monitors pressure sensory in blood vessel leaving heart (corroded body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
overview of system of autonomic
what is it also called |
|
Definition
-cell body in cns in pre ganglionic to synapse and then to cell body in autonomic ganglion (group of cell bodies) then to post ganglionic smooth muscle, cartiac, gland
-sympathetic ganglion chain |
|
|
Term
| where do pre ganglionic in sympathetic originate |
|
Definition
| thoarcic and lumbar cord i.e autonomic is thoracolumbar system |
|
|
Term
| where do pre ganglionic in sympathetic leave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are nodules that contain pre and post ganglionic neurons |
|
Definition
| sympathetic ganglia or para |
|
|
Term
| what is it called sympathetic ganglion chain |
|
Definition
| because it incites neighboring ganglia |
|
|
Term
| what happens in synapse in sympathetic ganglion |
|
Definition
acetylcholine is released in synapse and then norephinephren is release at target
-nicotinic is bound by ach |
|
|
Term
| how does the adrenal gland in medulla differ |
|
Definition
enters the ganglia of the sympathetic chain by leaves and travels to one of the other sympathetic ganglia, located near target organ
-less specific release of adrenaline due to releasing into blood |
|
|
Term
| how is tear release different |
|
Definition
| ach is released at target |
|
|
Term
| where does parasym pre ganglionic |
|
Definition
| in cranial nerve and sacral nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is difference in pre gang and post gang in para and sym |
|
Definition
| pre gang is l ong and post is short in para |
|
|
Term
| what happens at synapses of pre and post ganglionic in para sym |
|
Definition
| ach(nicotinic) and then ach(muscarinic) |
|
|
Term
| which is more specific and why:para or sym |
|
Definition
ganglion not connected
like sexual arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane that surrounds abdominal visceral, it is shiny-chemical diffused around intestinal organd and is faster than oral but not as fast as iv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is most determining factor for rate of drug reaching site of action |
|
Definition
| lipid solubility i.e. the more the faster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body getting rid of opiate receptors due to influx of opiate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with repeated exposure to bee stings the immune system response increase |
|
|
Term
| why are people with parkinsons disease given l dopa as as a drug rather than dopamine |
|
Definition
| l-dopa is the precursor to dopamine that can get through the blood-brain barrier while dopamine cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| most synaptic comm in brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found in spinal cord rather than bran |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first excitatory nt to evolve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand |
|
|
Term
| first to be discovered nt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
actylcholine
monoamines
amino acids
peptide
soluble gases
nucleoside
lipid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gama-aminobutryic acid (GABA)
glycine
glutamate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
substance p
enkephalin
cholecystokinin |
|
|
Term
| what is first endogenous opiate receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of soluable gases |
|
Definition
nitric oxide
carbon monoxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffuse through cell wall effecting surrounding cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similare to nucleic acid in dna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is cholinergic receptors mostly found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is cholinergic located |
|
Definition
periphery autonomic ganglia and post gang par-sym synapses and neuro muscular
and in brain-dorsal pons, septum, basal forebrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-acetate ion and choline is found from diet
-when ion enters blood it is broken down and then choline is attached to carrier acetyl coa(manufactured by mitochondria during glucose metabolism) in the presence of choline acetyltransferase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paralyze respiratory muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent contraction of muscles |
|
|
Term
| black widow snake venom effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ionotopoic, in cns, skeletal muscle and autonomic ganglia also in brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what is antagonist to nicotinic |
|
Definition
| curare(paralyze you and decrease blood flow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in cns and post gang para sym
metabotropic |
|
|
Term
| what is antagonist to muscarinic |
|
Definition
belladonna atropine
produce vagal block
increase hear and pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ache inhibitor
agonist for ach
rx for myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
| termination of ach behavior |
|
Definition
neuromuscular junction
thirst
Alzheimer- impair memory;reduced cortical |
|
|
Term
| another name for serotonin |
|
Definition
| 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most in gi-tract and in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nt:modulating or info transmitting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tryptophan is precursor
enzyme->5-hydroxytryptophan
enzyme->5ht |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| p-chlorophenylalanine blocks conversion of tryptophan to 5-htp and thus serves as a serotonergic antagonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sites of nt release on serotonic axon |
|
|
Term
| how is serotonic released |
|
Definition
| varicosties-bumps on axon |
|
|
Term
| how big is release of 5ht in brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agonist by stimulate release and inhibit reuptake;decrease appetite to treat obestity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluoxetine(ssri) by reuptake
degradation monoamine oxidase inhibitor-converst 5ht to hhiaa |
|
|
Term
| how do they know how much 5ht in depressed person |
|
Definition
| higher level of 5hiaa the higher the level of 5ht |
|
|
Term
| types of serotonin receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which serotonin receptors are metabotropic and ionotropic |
|
Definition
5ht1 and 5ht2 are metabotropic
5ht3 is ionotropic |
|
|
Term
| what are most of the effects of serotonin receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effects of increase in 5ht |
|
Definition
decrease food intake and pain and aggression and depression
increase in hallucinations
male sex behavior
slow wave sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tyrosine->L-DOPA->Dopamine->Norephinephrine->ephinephrine
-each synthesized with enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
substantia nigra- nigrostriatal system- caudate and putamen
in ventral tegemtum area mesolimibic path and mesocortical path |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
re-enforcing effects of food and drugs
projects to nucleus accumbens and amygdala |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
project to neocortex and anterior area
ability to sequence motor events and thoughts |
|
|
Term
| which pathway is distorted in schzios |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cocaine is what type of neuron in what pathway |
|
Definition
| agonist in mesolimbic path |
|
|
Term
| location of norepinephrine |
|
Definition
locus coeruleus
axonal varicosities |
|
|
Term
| function in animals norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nt is much of brain function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principal excitation in cns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
principal agent in inhibitory agents
benzodiazapame is gaba agonists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibitory, distributed differently
in spinal cord and lower brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endogenous opiates
modulate amino acid transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is ligand for anandamide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is precursor to nucleosides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitory neuromodulator |
|
|
Term
| what is caffeine related to nt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vasodilator like viagra
-neighboring cell causes release second messenger and viagra cause nitric oxide to produce more |
|
|
Term
| what is first way to look at brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain has all same radio opacity so you can't see much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does detect pneumoencephalography |
|
Definition
u can see fissures and ventricles
could detect cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus and displacement of ventricular system |
|
|
Term
| what is pneumoencephalography |
|
Definition
| csf is drained from brain and replaced with air, oxy or he. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-radio opaque liquid
-main blood flow in brain is seen
-can detect blood vessel rupture and can see tumor due to increased blood at tumor |
|
|
Term
| how is cerebral angiography is better than pneumo. |
|
Definition
| -better than pneumo. due to large amount of air can block blood so you can get better picture with liquid due to opaqueness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| computer controlled x ray and can pick up slight variations that comp can pick up and magnify because it goes in circle around head |
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging |
|
Definition
| h and o are polarized and it will align in magnetic field and all atoms are in same direction and apply radio signal and neurons go to high state and then power off and neurons release energy and its recorded and computers enhance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
read any plane
no time delay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
targeting oxygen atoms rather than hydrogen
measures the oxygen in the blood |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography |
|
Definition
what brain is doing, no structure display but has over view of which parts are active
-detects radioactive positrons by person inhaling gas or injection radio active substances(2-deoxyglucose)
-so cells which rely on glucose take 2dg but cant metabolize fast so it accumulates and can see highest active part in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not highly detailed and not in real time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lower tech
-elecctroencephalgraph is the object
-...gram the record
measurement of generalized electric activity |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for 8th cranial nerve |
|
Definition
| vestibular cochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a-methyl-p-tyrosine
inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase
catecholamine antagonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that converts tyrosine to l-dopa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles by blocking the transporters in the membrane of vesicles in the terminals of monoaminergic neurons (monoamine antagonist) |
|
|
Term
| amphetamine effect on dopamine |
|
Definition
| transports of nt run in reverse which also blocks reuptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that regulates the production of catecholamines where it destroys nt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destroy mao-b so dopamine agonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block d2 receptors to alleviate schizos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| what type of adrenergic autorecepter is found in brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks a2 autorecepters so is agonist of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| are adrenergic receptors meta or ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four types of glutamate receptors |
|
Definition
nmda
ampa
kainate
metabotropic glutamate receptor |
|
|
Term
| which glutamate receptors are ionotropic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nmda receptor
how many binding sites
what happens when open
what does it alter in body |
|
Definition
6
permits both sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell which causes depolarization and ca is second messenger which binds and activates enzymes
alter characteristics in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactivates gad and prevents the synthesis of gaba |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glutamic acid decarboxylase
enzyme that produces gaba from glutamic acid |
|
|
Term
| what do two gaba receptors do and what is there type |
|
Definition
gaba a is iontropic and controls chloride channel
gaba b is metabotropic and controls k channel |
|
|
Term
| gaba a receptor bind site drugs |
|
Definition
muscimol- direct agonist for primary site
bicuculline-direct antagonist for primary site |
|
|
Term
| what type and control is glycerine |
|
Definition
ionotropic
chloride channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a brain lesion produced by intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid |
|
|
Term
| how is kainic acid used in a study |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
by way of microelectrode
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-generalized electric activity
-muscle activity
-action potential
-mainly lookin at ipsp and epsp |
|
|
Term
| which measure is best to find start of seizure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zero reading for measurement of sterotaxic instrumetn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perfuse blood then replace with formaline so brain hardens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| so enzyme don't break tissues down |
|
|
Term
| how to get detail after formaline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myelin stain
cell body stain
membrane (golgi) stain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creysl violet attach to nissl substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stain entire outside of neuron and isolate particular neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pass current
radio freqencys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
target particular cell
6-ohda
kainic and ibontenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electrolytic
chemicl
aspiration
knife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kcl speading depression
colchicine
cryogenic cooling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function of brain comes back if long enough lethal injection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgeries to come close to broca or wernnikes area so inject anesthetic so dont lose ability to speak and so they get patient to count out loud so they can know where your brocas area is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in retrograde labeling method in afferent axons
chemical is taken by terminal buttons and transported back and molecules light up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excitotxins-glutamate agonists-chronic depolarization and cells die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube that is inserted into body to deliver by way of the stereotaxic surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| record activity of larger region of brain |
|
|
Term
| benefit of magnetoencephalography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identify active regions in brain due to certain neurons activated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein produced in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation |
|
Definition
| coil of wires to stimulate neurons in cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| antisens oligonucleotides |
|
Definition
| consists of modified strands of rna or dna that will bind with specific molecules of messenger rna and prevent them from producing their proteins |
|
|
