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Pathology
Exam 3
147
Pathology
Professional
10/30/2012

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
What term refers to inflammation of the oral cavity (mouth)?
Definition
Stomatitis
Term
What is glossitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the tongue
Term
True or False:

Leukoplakia is considered to be a precancerous lesion.
Definition
True
Term
What term refers to inflammation of the salivary gland?
Definition
Sialadenitis
Term
What disease/disorder is referred to as reflux of gastric juices?
Definition
Heartburn
Term
If somebody suffers from dysphagia, what is their chief complaint?
Definition
Difficulty swallowing
Term
What are the two origins of blood of hematemesis? What differences does the origin play in appearance?
Definition
Red blood comes from the esophagus while "coffee-ground blood" comes from the stomach
Term
What is the difference between melena and hematochezia?
Definition
Melena is digested blood within the stool while hematochezia is unaltered blood mixed within the stool.
Term
What is the definition of achalasia? What does the physiological significance? What does this problem result in?
Definition
Achalasia is the failure to relax which causes a spasm of the esophageal sphincter. The spasm results in dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and regurgitation.
Term
Where is the relative location of a hiatal hernia?
Definition
Where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm
Term
What term refers to an outpouching of the alimentary canal>
Definition
Diverticula
Term
What is Mallory-Weiss Syndrome? How does it arise?
Definition
A longitudinal tear/laceration in the gastroesophageal junction as a result of severe retching or vomiting?
Term
What age group do we generally see pyloric stenosis? What is the main sign/symptom?
Definition
Infants with severe projectile vomiting
Term
What does inflammation of the gastric mucosa refer to?
Definition
Gastritis
Term
What is the number one cause of gastritis?
Definition
Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori
Term
What disease can often arise as a result of chronic gastritis?
Definition
Carcinoma
Term
What is the number one cause of peptic ulcer disease?
Definition
H. pylori
Term
What is the difference between atresia and stenosis?
Definition
Atresia is a complete obstruction while stenosis is narrowing
Term
How could one differentiate between intussuception and volvulus?
Definition
Intususception is a telescoping type hernia while a volvulus is twisting of the GI Tract.
Term
What is the category in which herniations, adhesions, intussusceptions, and volvulus' of the GI Tract fall under?
Definition
Obstructions
Term
What is angiodysplasia?
Definition
Dilitations of small blood vessels in mucosa and submucosa of the right colon or cecum that are prone to bleeding.
Term
True or False:

Hemorrhoids affect the arteries of the anus?
Definition
False

They affect the veins of the anus
Term
What is dysentery?
Definition
Low volume of bloody, painful, stool
Term
Specifically, what is diarrhea?
Definition
High volume of watery, unformed stool which occurs frequently
Term
What is the typical pathological finding in reference to irritable bowel disease?
Definition
Trick question, irritable bowel disease does not present pathological findings
Term
If a person presented the following symptoms, what could be a potential diagnosis?

Abdominal pain, bloating, variability in bowel movements or consistency, temporary relief with bowel movements
Definition
Irritable bowel disease
Term
What is enterocolitis and how does it arise?
Definition
Inflammation of bowel associated with diarrhea
Term
Pseudomembranous colitis is often a result from taking _______________________. The pathological finding would be an increase in ____________
Definition
Broad spectrum antibiotics for an extended period of time

Increase in C. Dificile
Term
What category of disease does celiac sprue fall under?
Definition
Malabsorption syndromes
Term
What disease is also known as gluten sensitivity enteropathy?
Definition
Celiac sprue
Term
How could one help contain celiac sprue?
Definition
By eating a gluten free diet
Term
What category of disease does crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis fall under?
Definition
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Term
What disease is easily identified by the presence of transmural inflammation and a strictured lumen?
Definition
Crohn's Disease
Term
What is the typical treatment for Crohn's disease?
Definition
Steroids and surgery
Term
What parts of the colon are affected by ulcerative colitis?
Definition
Mucosa and submucosa
Term
Where does ulcerative colitis begin within the colon?
Definition
From the rectum
Term
What disorder can be identified by the following symptoms?

Bloody, mucoid diarrhea that persists for days, weeks, or months.
Definition
Ulcerative Colitis
Term
Ileus is a complication of ulcerative colitis. What is the significance of Ileus?
Definition
Toxic Megacolon
Term
What is the treatment of ulcerative colitis?
Definition
Total colectomy
Term
How could one define diverticulitis?
Definition
Inflammed diverticulum
Term
What part of the body is most affected by neoplasms?
Definition
The colon
Term
The exocrine pancreas has what type of function?
Definition
Digestion
Term
What are the 4 components of pancreatic juice and what part of the pancreas do they arise from?
Definition
Water, bicarbonate, mucus, and digestive agents. The juice arises from the exocrine part of the pancreas
Term
What are the 3 hormones of the pancreas and what is their function?
Definition
Protease - inactive form of a protein which digests proteins

Lipase - digests fats

Amylase - digest carbohydrates/starch
Term
What anatomical location within the pancreas secretes hormones into the blood?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans
Term
There are three major types of cells within the Islets of Langerhans. What are they and what is their significance?
Definition
Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells - secrete insulin
Delta cells - secrete somatostatin
Term
What is the function of somatostatin?
Definition
To inhibit the secretion of insulin and glucagon
Term
True or False:

Acute pancreatitis often arises from an autoimmune disorder or a bacterial inflammation.
Definition
False

Acute pancreatitis often arises from a sterile, chemical inflammation
Term
What is the pathlogical finding of a person who has chronic pancreatitis?
Definition
Fibrosis of the pancreas
Term
If a patient presents symptoms for acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, what would be the clinical significance within the laboratory in respect to the patients amylase and lipase levels.
Definition
Amylase levels would rise and fall quickly

Lipase levels would slowly rise and remain high for a long duration
Term
What is the most common form of cancer seen within the pancreas?
Definition
Adenocarcinome
Term
If a patient presents symptoms of diabetes mellitus, what would be a typical level for a fasting blood glucose in order to confirm the diagnosis? What would the hemoglobin A1C level be?
Definition
126 mg/dL or higher

Hemoglobin A1C 6.5 or higher
Term
How does Type 1 diabetes mellitus arise?
Definition
From an inherited autoimmune disorder which destroys the islets of langerhans
Term
Why does Type 2 diabetes mellitus arise?
Definition
The peripheral tissues become resistant to the action of insulin, thus, glucose remains in the blood
Term
What are four long term complications associated with diabetes? (categories)
Definition
Vascular disease, kidney disease, eye disease, neurological disease
Term
What process do hepatocytes undergo in order to divide?
Definition
Faculative mitosis
Term
What does the liver do with aging or damaged rbc's?
Definition
Filters them out
Term
Where is bile produced?
Definition
Liver
Term
What term refers to the impairment of bile flow?
Definition
Cholestasis
Term
How is hepatitis A transmitted?
Definition
From fecal to oral
Term
How is hepatitis E transmitted?
Definition
From fecal to oral
Term
True or False:

Hepatitis B, C, and D are all transmitted from the parents.
Definition
True
Term
What is hepatic steatosis and what disease is it associated with?
Definition
Fatty liver associated with phase 1 of alcoholic liver disease
Term
What is phase two of alcoholic liver disease?
Definition
Alcoholic hepatitis
Term
What is the third, and final stage of alcoholic liver disease?
Definition
Cirrhosis
Term
Hereditary Hemochromatosis or (HH) results from what?
Definition
Excessive accumulation of iron through intestinal absorption.
Term
If somebody has wilsons disease, what compound are they in excess of?
Definition
Copper
Term
What is the most common way of getting a tumor of the liver?
Definition
By metastasis
Term
What is the main function of the gall bladder?
Definition
To store and regulate the release of bile
Term
What is the medical term for gallstones?
Definition
Cholelithiasis
Term
What is cholecystitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the gall bladder
Term
What is the master gland of the endocrine system?
Definition
Pituitary gland
Term
The endocrine system is ultimately controlled by the _________?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
True or False

The posterior pituitary gland is most involved with diseases of the pituitary?
Definition
False

The anterior
Term
LH adenoma and FSH adenoma are a result of what disorder?
Definition
Hyperpituitarism
Term
If a patient suffers from gigantism, which area of the body is likely the culprit of disorder?
Definition
Pituitary gland "hyperpituitarism"
Term
ACTH adenoma's result in what disease? What are the clinical findings of this disease?
Definition
Cushing syndrome resulting from too much cortisol from the adrenals
Term
What has the major potential to cause an ACTH adenoma?
Definition
Hyperpituitarism
Term
What are the symptoms of acromegaly? What is a major factor in causing acromegaly?
Definition
Coarse appearance, big hands and feet, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, CHF, osteoporosis.

Caused by hyperpitutarism
Term
If a patient suffers from an ADH deficiency, what part of the body is most likely causing such a deficit?
Definition
Posterior pituitary
Term
90 percent of Graves disease patients suffer from what other disorder?
Definition
Primary hyperthyroidism
Term
What symptom is unique to Graves disease patients?
Definition
Exophtalmos
Term
What does Graves disease do to the autonomic nervous system and overall metabolic state?
Definition
Makes it overactive
Term
Hypothyroidism in early childhood often results in what disorder?
Definition
Cretinism
Term
Hypothyroidism in older children/adults often results in what disorder?
Definition
myxedema
Term
What does the T3 and T4 laboratory evaluation often state about thyroid function?
Definition
If T3/T4 is increased one is in hyperthyroidism

If decreased one is in hypothyroidism
Term
What is the result of increased TSH levels?
Definition
Hypothyroidism OR hyperthyroidism associated with pituitary abnormalities
Term
What is the most common thyroid abnormality?
Definition
Goiter
Term
Hashimoto's thyroiditis often causes two abnormalities. What are they?
Definition
Goiter's and hypothyroidism
Term
What is the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
Definition
Parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma
Term
What is the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Definition
Chronic renal failure
Term
What causes hypoparathyroidism?
Definition
Low blood calcium
Term
If a patient has increased levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and androgenic hormones, what area of the body is in a diseased state?
Definition
Adrenal cortex
Term
If a patient has either pheochromocytoma or neuroblastoma, what area of the body is in a diseased state?
Definition
Adrenal medulla
Term
If a patient is secreting too much ACTH, what physiological event will occur within the body?
Definition
Overproduction of cortisol
Term
If a patient suffers from hyperaldosteronism, what symptoms are likely to be present> (3)
Definition
HBP, low blood potassium, low blood renin
Term
If a patient is said to be suffering from congenital adrenal hyperplasia, what physiological event is likely occurring within the body?
Definition
Overproduction of androgenic hormones
Term
What two hormones are likely to be in a defecit if a patient suffers from congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Definition
Deficits of aldosterone and cortisol
Term
How could one likely overcome an acute adrenocortical crisis?
Definition
If the received a cortisol replacement
Term
What is the likely cause of addisons disease?
Definition
Autoimmune disorder
Term
What is the medical term for addisons disease?
Definition
Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency
Term
If a patient is suffering from pheochromocytoma, what physiological event is occurring?
Definition
Increase secretion of catecholamines
Term
What type of patient is likely to suffer from a neuroblastoma?
Definition
Young Child
Term
What is the acronym for remembering the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
Definition
Flat Peg

FSH, LH, ACHT, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone
Term
What hormones come from the posterior pituitary?
Definition
ADH and Oxytocin
Term
The thyroid releases what hormones?
Definition
T3 and T4
Term
What hormones originate from the adrenal cortex?
Definition
Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgenic Hormones
Term
Where does E and NE arise from?
Definition
Adrenal Medulla
Term
Too much ACTH results in ________. Too little results in ________
Definition
Cushing syndrome, Addisons Disease
Term
What area of the body does prolactin act upon?
Definition
Breast glands
Term
What area of the body does oxytocin act upon?
Definition
Uterus and breast ducts
Term
What disease arises from an insufficiency of ADH?
Definition
Diabetes insipidis
Term
What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
Definition
To control calcium homeostasis
Term
Too much parathyroid hormone results in _____________ while too little results in __________________
Definition
Increased blood calcium

Low blood calcium
Term
Increased T3 and T4 results in ______________ while too little results in _______________
Definition
Graves disease

Cretinism or Myxedema
Term
What hormone of the kidney functions to raise blood pressure>
Definition
Renin
Term
What does the secretion of the hormone aldosterone result in?
Definition
Increase sodium reabsorption and vasoconstricton
Term
What is the function of the hormond ANH?
Definition
Decrease blood pressure
Term
What is polyuria?
Definition
Increased urine
Term
What is oliguria?
Definition
Decreased daily output of urine
Term
What term refers to pus in the urine?
Definition
Pyuria
Term
Acute renal failure has three stages. What are they and what is the result of each?
Definition
Prerenal - shock or heart failure
Renal - glomerular destruction
Postrenal - Obstruction
Term
How could one characterize nephritic syndrome?
Definition
Disorder of glomeruli characterized by edema, hypertension, hematuria, mild proteinuria.
Term
What are three causes to acute nephritic syndrome?
Definition
Post-streptococcal infection
Other bacterial infection
Viral infection
Term
What is the main difference between nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome?
Definition
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria. The way to remember it is nephrotic and protein both have an O.
Term
What is the main cause of acute glomerulonephritis?
Definition
Upper respiratory streptococcal infection
Term
What disease is characterized by sever glomerular injury accompanied by the formation of a nexudate in the glomerular space?
Definition
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
Term
What is the orientation of inflammatory cells in a patient with crescentic glomerulonephritis?
Definition
Inflammatory cells surround the compressed capillary loops in a crescent form
Term
What is membraneous nephropathy?
Definition
Membranous thickening of glomerular basement membrane
Term
What causes membranous nephropathy?
Definition
Deposition of immune complexes
Term
What is another name for lipoid nephrosis and how is it treated?
Definition
Aka minimal change disease or NIL disease

Treated with corticosteroids
Term
How is a patient with chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis treated?
Definition
They aren't since treatment doesn't work
Term
What significance does the thickening of the basement membrane of the glomerulus have?
Definition
Increases permeability leading to proteinuria
Term
What are the two other names for urinary stones?
Definition
Urinary calculi and urolithiasis
Term
What type of stone account for 75 percent of all urinary stones?
Definition
Calcium stones
Term
What type of stone typically arises as a result of a UTI?
Definition
Struvite stone
Term
How do cysteine stones arise?
Definition
Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism
Term
What is cystitis and how does it differ from pyelonephritis?
Definition
Both are UTI's except cystitis affects the bladder while pyelonephritis affects the kidneys
Term
In reference to acute tubular necrosis, what is the result of a sudden decrease in arterial pressure?
Definition
Hypoperfusion of kidneys
Term
What is the chief reason that acute tubular necrosis occurs?
Definition
Ischemia (decrease in blood blow)
Term
How is acute tubular necrosis treated?
Definition
Dialysis
Term
Nephroangiosclerosis is an atherosclerosis of which parts of the body?
Definition
Aorta, renal artery, or major branches
Term
True or False:

Renal ischemia decreases renin production.
Definition
False

Increases/stimulates
Term
What category of a tumor does a Wilms' tumor fall under?
Definition
Nephroblastoma
Term
What is the most common solid tumor in infants and young children?
Definition
Wilms' tumor
Term
At what age range could a patient have a clinically apparent Wilms' Tumor?
Definition
between 2 and 4
Term
True or False:

A carcinoma of the urinary bladder is 2 times more common than renal cell carcinoma and results in twice as many deaths.
Definition
False

Although urinary bladder carcinoma is twice as common as renal cell carcinoma, they both result in the same amount of deaths.
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