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Exam 3 Nutrition
Chapters 7 and 3 of Wardlaw's Perspectives in Nutrition 9th Ed.
96
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
10/30/2012

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Cards

Term
Protos means
Definition
to come first
Term
Humans are what percent protein by weight
Definition
17%
Term
What is the basic building block of protein
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
What are amino acids composed of?
Definition
Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, side chain or group
Term
Carbon skeleton
Definition
The part left over after removing an Amino group from an Amino Acid
Term
Nonessential (or dispensable) amino acids
Definition
Amino acids that the human body can synthesize in sufficient amounts
Term
Essential Amino Acids
Definition
Cannot be synthesized in significant enough quantities and must be included in diet
Term
Essential Amino Acids
Definition
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine

Holly is-so loose like meth, Phenny threw tryptophan valiently
Term
Nonessential (dispensable) Amino Acids
Definition
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Serine
Proline
Tryso

Alanon argues asparagus adds acid cause gluteous assidous gives good smelling pee trips
Term
Transamination
Definition
Tranfer of an amino group from 1 amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid
Term
Deamination
Definition
Losing an amino group without transferring it to another carbon skeleton
Term
Individual amino acids are linked through
Definition
Peptide bonds
Term
Dipeptide
Definition
2 amino acids joined by peptide bond
Term
Tripeptide
Definition
3 amino acids joined by peptide bond
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
Over 10 amino acids joined together by peptide bond
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
Over 10 amino acids joined together by peptide bond
Term
Every time an amino acid is added to a growing chain of protein what is needed?
Definition
Energy or calories
Term
How does shape affect proteins?
Definition
Shape defines funciton ("lock and key manner")
Term
The body's proteins assume a special ___-dimensional shape
Definition
3
Term
Primary structure of proteins
Definition
string of amino acids that determines shape
Term
Secondary
Definition
Forms a pleted shape (spiral like)
Term
Tertiary
Definition
Folds into a structure (3D) and determines function
Term
Quaternary
Definition
Two other proteins form complex molecule
Term
Stability of a protein's shape is affected by _________ and ____
Definition
Temperature and pH
Term
Denaturation
Definition
Alteration (unfolding) of protein's 3D structure. Destroys its normal biological function
Term
Where are proteins and amino acids supplied?
Definition
In food and the recycling of body protein
Term
US consumes ____% of protein through meat, poultry, fish, legumes, and nuts
Definition
70%
Term
Rest of the world consumes ____% through plant
Definition
35%
Term
Majors source of protein for the rest of the world
Definition
Plants
Term
Complete proteins
Definition
Animal proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids. They support growth and cell maintenance (all animals products but gelatin)
Term
Incomplete protein
Definition
Poor protien and low biological value. Lack at least one amino acid (except quinoa and soy)
Term
Limiting Amino Acids
Definition
The essential amino acid in smallest supply in a food or diet in relation to body needs because it limits the amount of protein the body can synthesize
Term
Examples of limiting amino acids
Definition
Wheat
Soybeans
Term
How can you enhance quality of limited protein?
Definition
Pair it with a source of that which it lacks (complementary proteins)
Term
Examples of complementary proteins
Definition
Hummus and pita bread
Bean burrito
Pinto beans and polenta
Red beans and rice
Nuts and Legumes
Grains and legumes
Term
Biological value
Definition
How efficiently the absorbed food protien is converted into body tissue protein. (the most amino acids the easier absorption)
Term
How is biological value measured?
Definition
Measuring the amount of nitrogen retained by the body after food consumption (white of egg has BV of 100=highest)
Term
Protein efficiency ratio
Definition
Compares the amount of weight a lab animals gains eating that protein vs standardized amount of a reference protein (control)
Term
Protein should equal ___-___% of caloric intake
Definition
10-35%
Term
Protein balance (equilibrium)
Definition
Amount of losses is equal to intake as long as energy intake is adequate the prevent the use of protein for energy
Term
Negative balance
Definition
Protien intake is less than losses (usually during illness when intake goes down and disease increases protein breakdowns)
Term
True or false: Cooking denatures proteins
Definition
True
Term
Digestion process
Definition
Mouth-Little
Stomach-Pepsin activated by gastrin. Hydrochloric acid and pepsin break down
Pancrease-Enzymes break down
Small intestine-Conversion to amino acid
Liver-amino acids transported through portal vein to liver then enter bloodstream
Large intestine-Poop -- little to no protein
Term
4 enzymes involved in digestions and absorption of proteins
Definition
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Peptidase

Trip-Chem-Car-Pep: Tripping chemicals in cars makes me peppy
Term
Proteases
Definition
Enzymes that digest remaining polypeptides into short peptides and amino acids that can be absorbed in the small intestine
Term
Protein is the _________ support to cells and tissues
Definition
Structural -- building block
Term
Key strucutal proteins
Definition
Collagen, actin, myosin
Term
Structural proteins make up more than ____ of of body protein and provides a matrix for muscles, connective tissue, and bone
Definition
One third
Term
What are the blood proteins and what do they do?
Definition
Albumin and globulin. Control H20 balance in blood and between cells in tissues
Term
Proteins in blood attract ____ into blood vessels
Definition
Water
Term
What is edema
Definition
A fluid build up in interstitial spaces that causes swelling. Caused by inadequate blood protein to pull fluid back from cells into blood stream
Term
How do proteins affect acid-bace balance?
Definition
Proteins serve as buffers which pump chemical ions (acids and bases) in and out of cells. They also soak up or release acids and bases in blood
Term
How do proteins hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters?
Definition
Hormones (which send signals to the brain and body) are made of amino acids. Protein required for synthesis of enzymes. Neurotransmitters are derivatives of amino acids
Term
How do proteins contribute to immune function?
Definition
Immune system lack the material needed to build antibodies without protein.
Term
Anergy
Definition
Immune incompetence (which develops without proteins) and reduces the body's ability to fight infection
Term
How do proteins affect nutrient transport?
Definition
They carry nutrients across cell membranes (ex. protein Hemoglobin carries O2) Lipoproteins carry fat in body
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
When the body makes glucose from animo acidds present in body tissue in the face of inadequate carbohydrate intake
Term
Proteins are intended to serve as an energy source True or false
Definition
False. Not a major fuel source just 4 kcals/g
Term
How are protiens linked to allergies?
Definition
Body fights off foreign proteisn (called antigens) and attacks them. This can look like mild runny nose to anaphlaxix.
Term
Number of food that make up 90% of food allergies?
Definition
8. Pinenuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soy, wheat.
Term
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Definition
Most widespread form of malnutrition in the developing world. Manifests as Kwashiokor and Marasmus
Term
Kawshiorkor
Definition
Increase in starchy foods after second child is born. Pot belly caused by fat liver. Happens fast
Term
Marasmus
Definition
Wasting away. Not enough kcals or protein. Severe weight loss and occurs slowly
Term
High protein diets
Definition
Protein shouldn't exceed 35% of total Kcals. this can overburden kidneys' capacity to excrete wastes (water required)
Term
Food irradiation
Definition
Cold or electronic pasteurization using radiation energy
Term
Who regulates food additives
Definition
FDA
Term
Food additives-
Definition
Substances added to foods to produce a desired effect: longer slef life, greater nutritional value, altered color, etc.
Term
Incidental food addititves
Definition
Become part of food through food production and processing
Term
Are most additives natural or synthetic?
Definition
Synthetic
Term
1958 Food Additives Law
Definition
Exempted groups of chemicals added to foods from FDA regulation, based on extensive use and history of substance
Term
How do they test food additive safety?
Definition
Test on at least two animals epcies
Determine highest dosage without observable effects
Term
What are the concerns with food additives?
Definition
Even Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) haven't been adequately tested. Additives we used to trust are now linked to diseases like cancer
Term
How does lead affect the body?
Definition
Damage to every organ, nervous system and kidneys, lowers IQ, impairs coordination
Term
How to avoid lead
Definition
Don't use lead paints or pipes, eat candies from Mexico, eat foods grown in contaminated soil, minimize supplements since lead has been found in 20%
Term
Bacteria converst mercuty to the neurotoxin ______
Definition
methymercury
Term
Biomagnification
Definition
Little fish eat algae, small critters, bigger fish eat them, we eat fish
Term
How much fish should you eat a week?
Definition
6oz or one meal a week
Term
What can you avoid to prevent mercury infection?
Definition
Swordfish, shark, mackerel, tilefish, limit albacore
Term
What is a dioxin?
Definition
Chlorine and beneze containing chemicals; products of industrial process
Term
Why are dioxins harmful?
Definition
Increase risk of cancer, cause liver and nerve damage. Food source: fish in contaminated waters
Term
PCB's
Definition
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Term
Why are PCB's harmful?
Definition
Highly toxic and linked to cancer and reproductive problems. Found in fish and food packaging material
Term
3 objectives of organic agriculture
Definition
Economic sustainability
Social sustainability
Environmental sustainability
Term
What percentage of our food is sold organic now?
Definition
3%
Term
Who defines Organic standards?
Definition
US department of agriculture
Term
"organic" with USDA seal must contain ____% organic ingredients
Definition
95%
Term
"Made with Organic Ingredients" must have ____% organic
Definition
70% -- can't put it on front display panel
Term
Not allowed in organic practices
Definition
Sewer sludge, genetically engineered crops, irradiation, pesticides, hormones and antibiotic use
Term
Traditional breeding practices in plants
Definition
Crossing of genetic material vis natural mechanism organisms within the same species. genes shared
Term
Biotechnology has changes GMO's how
Definition
They recombine DNA to create new species
Term
What percentage of US crops are genertically modified
Definition
50%
Term
Biggest GE crops
Definition
Soybeans, corn, cotton, and potatoes
Term
BT corn
Definition
Genetically modified to create a pesticide in its leaves
Term
Round up ready corn
Definition
Produces by Monsanto, it is genetically modified to resist application to Round-Up herbicide
Term
GE Animals
Definition
Not on the market but in existance
Term
rGBH
Definition
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone-protien fed to boost milk production. Stimulates insulin-like growth factor. Can be cancerous in high levels
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