Term
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Definition
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Term
| Humans are what percent protein by weight |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basic building block of protein |
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Definition
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Term
| What are amino acids composed of? |
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Definition
| Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, side chain or group |
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Term
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Definition
| The part left over after removing an Amino group from an Amino Acid |
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Term
| Nonessential (or dispensable) amino acids |
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Definition
| Amino acids that the human body can synthesize in sufficient amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| Cannot be synthesized in significant enough quantities and must be included in diet |
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Term
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Definition
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Holly is-so loose like meth, Phenny threw tryptophan valiently |
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Term
| Nonessential (dispensable) Amino Acids |
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Definition
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Serine
Proline
Tryso
Alanon argues asparagus adds acid cause gluteous assidous gives good smelling pee trips |
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Term
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Definition
| Tranfer of an amino group from 1 amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Losing an amino group without transferring it to another carbon skeleton |
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Term
| Individual amino acids are linked through |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 amino acids joined by peptide bond |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 amino acids joined by peptide bond |
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Term
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Definition
| Over 10 amino acids joined together by peptide bond |
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Term
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Definition
| Over 10 amino acids joined together by peptide bond |
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Term
| Every time an amino acid is added to a growing chain of protein what is needed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does shape affect proteins? |
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Definition
| Shape defines funciton ("lock and key manner") |
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Term
| The body's proteins assume a special ___-dimensional shape |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary structure of proteins |
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Definition
| string of amino acids that determines shape |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms a pleted shape (spiral like) |
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Term
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Definition
| Folds into a structure (3D) and determines function |
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Term
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Definition
| Two other proteins form complex molecule |
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Term
| Stability of a protein's shape is affected by _________ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Alteration (unfolding) of protein's 3D structure. Destroys its normal biological function |
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Term
| Where are proteins and amino acids supplied? |
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Definition
| In food and the recycling of body protein |
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Term
| US consumes ____% of protein through meat, poultry, fish, legumes, and nuts |
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Definition
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Term
| Rest of the world consumes ____% through plant |
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Definition
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Term
| Majors source of protein for the rest of the world |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Animal proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids. They support growth and cell maintenance (all animals products but gelatin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Poor protien and low biological value. Lack at least one amino acid (except quinoa and soy) |
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Term
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Definition
| The essential amino acid in smallest supply in a food or diet in relation to body needs because it limits the amount of protein the body can synthesize |
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Term
| Examples of limiting amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you enhance quality of limited protein? |
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Definition
| Pair it with a source of that which it lacks (complementary proteins) |
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Term
| Examples of complementary proteins |
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Definition
Hummus and pita bread
Bean burrito
Pinto beans and polenta
Red beans and rice
Nuts and Legumes
Grains and legumes |
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Term
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Definition
| How efficiently the absorbed food protien is converted into body tissue protein. (the most amino acids the easier absorption) |
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Term
| How is biological value measured? |
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Definition
| Measuring the amount of nitrogen retained by the body after food consumption (white of egg has BV of 100=highest) |
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Term
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Definition
| Compares the amount of weight a lab animals gains eating that protein vs standardized amount of a reference protein (control) |
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Term
| Protein should equal ___-___% of caloric intake |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein balance (equilibrium) |
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Definition
| Amount of losses is equal to intake as long as energy intake is adequate the prevent the use of protein for energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Protien intake is less than losses (usually during illness when intake goes down and disease increases protein breakdowns) |
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Term
| True or false: Cooking denatures proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mouth-Little
Stomach-Pepsin activated by gastrin. Hydrochloric acid and pepsin break down
Pancrease-Enzymes break down
Small intestine-Conversion to amino acid
Liver-amino acids transported through portal vein to liver then enter bloodstream
Large intestine-Poop -- little to no protein |
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Term
| 4 enzymes involved in digestions and absorption of proteins |
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Definition
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Peptidase
Trip-Chem-Car-Pep: Tripping chemicals in cars makes me peppy |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that digest remaining polypeptides into short peptides and amino acids that can be absorbed in the small intestine |
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Term
| Protein is the _________ support to cells and tissues |
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Definition
| Structural -- building block |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Structural proteins make up more than ____ of of body protein and provides a matrix for muscles, connective tissue, and bone |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the blood proteins and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Albumin and globulin. Control H20 balance in blood and between cells in tissues |
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Term
| Proteins in blood attract ____ into blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A fluid build up in interstitial spaces that causes swelling. Caused by inadequate blood protein to pull fluid back from cells into blood stream |
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Term
| How do proteins affect acid-bace balance? |
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Definition
| Proteins serve as buffers which pump chemical ions (acids and bases) in and out of cells. They also soak up or release acids and bases in blood |
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Term
| How do proteins hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| Hormones (which send signals to the brain and body) are made of amino acids. Protein required for synthesis of enzymes. Neurotransmitters are derivatives of amino acids |
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Term
| How do proteins contribute to immune function? |
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Definition
| Immune system lack the material needed to build antibodies without protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune incompetence (which develops without proteins) and reduces the body's ability to fight infection |
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Term
| How do proteins affect nutrient transport? |
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Definition
| They carry nutrients across cell membranes (ex. protein Hemoglobin carries O2) Lipoproteins carry fat in body |
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Term
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Definition
| When the body makes glucose from animo acidds present in body tissue in the face of inadequate carbohydrate intake |
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Term
| Proteins are intended to serve as an energy source True or false |
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Definition
| False. Not a major fuel source just 4 kcals/g |
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Term
| How are protiens linked to allergies? |
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Definition
| Body fights off foreign proteisn (called antigens) and attacks them. This can look like mild runny nose to anaphlaxix. |
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Term
| Number of food that make up 90% of food allergies? |
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Definition
| 8. Pinenuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, soy, wheat. |
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Term
| Protein Energy Malnutrition |
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Definition
| Most widespread form of malnutrition in the developing world. Manifests as Kwashiokor and Marasmus |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in starchy foods after second child is born. Pot belly caused by fat liver. Happens fast |
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Term
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Definition
| Wasting away. Not enough kcals or protein. Severe weight loss and occurs slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein shouldn't exceed 35% of total Kcals. this can overburden kidneys' capacity to excrete wastes (water required) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cold or electronic pasteurization using radiation energy |
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Term
| Who regulates food additives |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Substances added to foods to produce a desired effect: longer slef life, greater nutritional value, altered color, etc. |
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Term
| Incidental food addititves |
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Definition
| Become part of food through food production and processing |
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Term
| Are most additives natural or synthetic? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Exempted groups of chemicals added to foods from FDA regulation, based on extensive use and history of substance |
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Term
| How do they test food additive safety? |
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Definition
Test on at least two animals epcies
Determine highest dosage without observable effects |
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Term
| What are the concerns with food additives? |
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Definition
| Even Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) haven't been adequately tested. Additives we used to trust are now linked to diseases like cancer |
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Term
| How does lead affect the body? |
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Definition
| Damage to every organ, nervous system and kidneys, lowers IQ, impairs coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| Don't use lead paints or pipes, eat candies from Mexico, eat foods grown in contaminated soil, minimize supplements since lead has been found in 20% |
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Term
| Bacteria converst mercuty to the neurotoxin ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Little fish eat algae, small critters, bigger fish eat them, we eat fish |
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Term
| How much fish should you eat a week? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can you avoid to prevent mercury infection? |
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Definition
| Swordfish, shark, mackerel, tilefish, limit albacore |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorine and beneze containing chemicals; products of industrial process |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase risk of cancer, cause liver and nerve damage. Food source: fish in contaminated waters |
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Term
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Definition
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly toxic and linked to cancer and reproductive problems. Found in fish and food packaging material |
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Term
| 3 objectives of organic agriculture |
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Definition
Economic sustainability
Social sustainability
Environmental sustainability |
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Term
| What percentage of our food is sold organic now? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who defines Organic standards? |
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Definition
| US department of agriculture |
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Term
| "organic" with USDA seal must contain ____% organic ingredients |
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Definition
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Term
| "Made with Organic Ingredients" must have ____% organic |
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Definition
| 70% -- can't put it on front display panel |
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Term
| Not allowed in organic practices |
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Definition
| Sewer sludge, genetically engineered crops, irradiation, pesticides, hormones and antibiotic use |
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Term
| Traditional breeding practices in plants |
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Definition
| Crossing of genetic material vis natural mechanism organisms within the same species. genes shared |
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Term
| Biotechnology has changes GMO's how |
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Definition
| They recombine DNA to create new species |
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Term
| What percentage of US crops are genertically modified |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Soybeans, corn, cotton, and potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetically modified to create a pesticide in its leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces by Monsanto, it is genetically modified to resist application to Round-Up herbicide |
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Term
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Definition
| Not on the market but in existance |
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Term
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Definition
| Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone-protien fed to boost milk production. Stimulates insulin-like growth factor. Can be cancerous in high levels |
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