Term
|
Definition
| knowledge of general facts and concepts without recollection of how and when they were learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typical instances of a concept come to mind more easily than atypical instances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| model proposed by Collins and Quillian that used a hierarchical structure to organize memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general concept, such as "bird" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| item within a category, such as "canary" |
|
|
Term
1. Typicality effects
2. Some category cues are more effective than others
3. Categories are loosely defined |
|
Definition
| Problems for Hierarchical Semantic Memory Network |
|
|
Term
| Spreading Activation Model |
|
Definition
| model proposed by Collins & Loftus that assumes no hierarchical structure; rather, semantic relatedness is represented by the length of links between concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integrated knowledge structure about the world, events, people, or actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge structure relating to a typical sequence of events in common situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge structure relating to objects and their properties |
|
|
Term
| Schema-Consistent Memory Distortions |
|
Definition
| people remember things better if the information fits in their schema; they may even have memories for objects/events that did not occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiencies in abilities with words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to produce familiar words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to understand familiar words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize familiar objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to name familiar objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain area that is active when processing faces |
|
|
Term
| Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) |
|
Definition
| brain area that is active when processing houses or scenes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize faces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of detailed memories of things that happened before the age of 2 or 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process where an infant loses some neurons and neural connections for things that are not learned |
|
|
Term
| Werker's Sound Discrimination Paradigm |
|
Definition
| discovery that infants can distinguish subtle differences in sounds that adults cannot, but only for 10-12 months after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simplified, incomplete sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| applying a category label to things that do not belong in the category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failing to apply category label to things that belong in the category |
|
|
Term
| Overregularization Errors |
|
Definition
| overextension of a grammatical rule, such as past tense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using native language (L1) to understand meanings of words in new language (L2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning words in new language (L2) from pictures and gestures without using native language (L1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| words and images are linked to a concept, but not to one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L1 (first language) words are linked to L2 (second language), but only L1 and images are linked to concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory failures that occur without trying to forget |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory failures that occur due to an intention (conscious or unconscious) to forget |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct attempt to forget information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A curvilinear relationship where we forget a lot early on and then forget less as time continues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge that is believed to be permanently stored in memory, based on the lack of apparent forgetting after a certain point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakening of memories due to passage of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recently learned information impedes retrieval of older memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| old memories impede retrieval of recently learned information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retrieval of memories is disrupted by the presence of related information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory function, usually resulting from trauma to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory for events that happened before the onset of amnesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory for events that happen after the onset of amnesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain region necessary for forming conscious episodic memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caudate and putamen; brain region necessary for learning movement patterns and skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active process through which a permanent memory trace is formed |
|
|
Term
| Delayed Non-Match to Sample Task |
|
Definition
| Reward is in the same position every other trial, and monkey has to remember previous trial to get reward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeating a response that was used previously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making a judgment about one's level of knowledge on a given topic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actions or decisions that are based on one's awareness of their own knowledge |
|
|
Term
| Judgment of Learning (JOL) |
|
Definition
| an explicit prediction about one's own performance on a future test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measurement of the difference between one's predicted performance and actual performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predicted performance is higher than actual performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predicted performance is lower than actual performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people assume that pictures will make something easier to remember |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage contained pictures and diagrams |
|
|
Term
| Control Group in Multimedia Study |
|
Definition
| passage contained only verbal information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| % predicted - % actually remembered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual comparison of predicted performance with actual performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making JOLs after a delay improves calibration |
|
|
Term
| Post-Retrieval Monitoring |
|
Definition
| Since JOLs are usually given with just the cue, the JOL may be based on how easily the answer could be recalled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow people to study information however they choose |
|
|
Term
| Region of Proximal Learning |
|
Definition
| when under time pressure, choosing to study information that is almost learned is better than choosing to study information that is not learned at all |
|
|
