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Exam 3: LRN BEHV.
I hate myself for this..
31
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
11/02/2010

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Cards

Term
Escape
Definition
Behavior that causes the aversive stimuli to stop
Term
Avoidance
Definition
Behavior that prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring
Term
The Two-Process Theory of Avoidance
Definition
consists of classical and operant conditioning
Term
Phobia's
Definition
1) Have avoidance
2) Often requires single pairing
Term
OCD
Definition
Obsessions- persistent thoughts, impulses or images

Compulsions- Repetitive actions, in response to the obsessions

Cleaning and checking are the two most common forms
Term
OCD-AND TWO PROCESS THEORY
Definition
Garbage elicits a strong anxiety response (classical cond)

Taking a shower results in the removal of anxiety (operant conditioning).

This understanding led to the first effective treatment for anxiety disorders, exposure and response prevention.
Term
OCD- EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE PREVENTION
Definition
Combines gradual exposure- systematic desensitization

With prolonged exposure- flooding
Term
Punishment
Definition
Punishment weakens a behavior through presenting an aversive stimulus or removing an appetitive stimulus.
Term
Two Types of Negative Punishment
Definition
Time-out- takes away reinforcers for a period following a problem behavior.

Response cost- The removal of a reinforcer following a problem behavior

(I.E. Fine- loss of money or Taking a toy for rough play.)
Term
Intrinsic punishment
Definition
-The activity itself is punishing

-The person performing the behavior is less likely to repeat it
Term
Extrinsic punishment
Definition
- does not involve the behavior itself, but follows the behavior.
Term
Problems with Punishment
Definition
- Does not teach correct behavior
-Person could become discrimitve stimulus ( Behavior is only suppressed in presence of punisher.)
-Teaches person to avoid the punisher

- Can elicit strong emotional support. ( aggression, backed into a corner, )

-Could model the aggression and control

-Lead to escalation.
Term
Benefits of Punishment
Definition
-Better Behavior

-Decrease crying

-Increase attention.
Term
Correct way to use punishment ?
Definition
-Immediately rather then delayed

- Consistency

- Severe punishment at onset

- Negative punishment is better

-Provide Explanation

-Combine with reinforcement for good behavior
Term
Conditioned Suppression Theory
Definition
punishment does not weaken the behavior, just causes an emotional response, the behavior will return.
Term
Avoidance Theory of Punishment
Definition
All behaviors besides the one being punished are actually being reinforced
Term
Premack Approach to Punishment
Definition
A low probability behavior can be used to punish a high probability behavior. ( If you cheat on your diet you have to run two miles.)
Term
Effects of Noncontingent Punishment
Definition
-Learned Helplessness
-Experimental Neurosis
-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Term
Matching law
Definition
-Proportion of behavior emitted equals the proportion of reinforcers obtained.

Twice as likely to score a goal. Twice the time practicing shooting from that angle.

-Allocate their choices in direct proportion to the rewards they provide.

- So, response rate to a scenario will be proportionate to the amount/duration of positive reinforcement delivered.
Term
Undermatching-
Definition
Occurs when there is little cost for switching. ( If we are losing by 50 points. I come out of goal and play sweeper.)
Term
Overmatching
Definition
Occurs when the cost of switching is very high. ( I.e. game is on the line so I don't come out of the goal box.)
Term
Bias from matching
Definition
We simply like one choice more. ( I like playing defense over offense.)
Term
Optimization Theory
Definition
We match behavior to maximize reinforcement.
Term
Melioration Theory
Definition
Change behavior to obtain the most highly valued rewards.

-Never delayed gratification. Always immediate.

(I.e. Studying for an easy test because you know you'll make an A. )
Term
Self-Control
Definition
Being able to see the self and stop the self from behaving in ways that violate others or self
Term
Self - Control and Skinner
Definition
- Involves conflicting outcomes

-Positive and negative consequences can occur, which outweighs the other
Term
Four ways to improve self-control
Definition
Physical Restraint- (Leave your money at home, give your phone to someone for the evening.)

Satiating-( Shop immediately after eating)

Do Something Else- (Chew gum instead of smoke.)

Self-Reinforce or Self-Punish- (not very effective)
Term
Temporal Theory
Definition
Says self-control is a choice between immediate vs. delayed consequences.
Term
Mischel
Definition
Self-control is therefore the ability to delay gratification.
Term
Ainslie-Rachlin
Definition
Say the farther away the reward, the less value it has in the present moment ( Rusans now, instead of mexican next week.)

Value increases slowly at first, but as the reward time is nearer, its value increases sharply ( 88 on a test this week or 100 next week.)
Term
What makes a difference in the ability to control?
Definition
1) Genetics- impulsivity.
2) Maturity
3) Experience with delayed rewards
4) Availiabilty of other rewards.
5) A plan with subgoals
6) Commitment - make a tangible commitment early to deal with the temptation that will come later,
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