T’ai-chi ch’uan

Shang Ti

Shang Ti was not a Creator-God. He was the supreme ancestor of the Chinese and in particular he was the ancestor of the ruling Shang family. This deity was the guarantor of the moral order. He could determine whether human projects would be successful. He was conceived as being masculine. All deities were subordinate to him. The king consulted Shang Ti. The king is the chief priest and diviner of the realm. He performed rites on behalf of all the people to secure Shang Ti’s blessings.

Where did Confucianism dominate the philosophy of education?

China, Korea, and Japan

What is the mandate of heaven?

Zhou Dynasty (1122-221BCE): The Mandate of Heaven was the self-existing moral law of virtue, the supreme reality. The concept is that a virtuous family may be charged or obligated by heaven to rule.

t’ien ming

The Emperor was known as the Son of Heaven until what date?

1906

What is I Ching?

 Form of divination. Over time cracks were identified with the yin and yang forces, an unbroken line with yang, and a broken line with the yin.

what is "De" or "te"?

6th c. BCE: 

the legendary sage

author of the Daodejing

by the first century CE, Laozi was referred to as an immortal.

What is the Daodejing?

The Classic of the Way and its Power it was written in the 4th-3rd c. BCE by Laozi. (Religious/political book of Daoists.)

non-action, inaction, non-purposiveness (go with the flow)

What does wu-wei mean in government?

Another important Daoist thinker: (Master Chuang, also written as Chuang Tzu) in the fourth century BCE. He is the legendary author of a work that goes by the same name.

Zhang Daoling organized this group in the 

(1st c.-2nd c. CE)

in Western China. This group still exists today in Taiwan. This secret society aimed to attain longevity through faith healing, meditative trance, and alchemy. The movement accepted minorities and women in the ranks of parish leadership.

Zhang Daoling

Describe the group "The Yellow Turbans"

The Three Officials are

1)the Primordial Celestial Worthy;

2)the Celestial Worthy of Numinous Treasure; and

3)the Celestial Worthy of the Way and Its Power (the deified Laozi).

They consists of human beings who—through learning, self-discipline, alchemy —have purified themselves of mortal imperfections and become gods, a transformation often described as "ascending to the heavens in broad daylight." They are called the Eight immortals. Among them is the Maiden immortal.

The classical literature of the time preceding Confucious, including poetry, history, and divination

The Major Confucian books, which include the sayings of Confucius and Mencius

Li is: appropriate action, riitual, propriety (doing the right thing at the right time), etiquette.

The Mohists were a Chinese school of philosophy that taught universal love.

"Ren" is empathy, consideration for others, humaneness; a Confucian virtue.

How do Daoists and Confucians differ from one another?

Daoists emphasized nature and its laws. Confucians found the secret of life in persons and their better relationships.

Daoists sought the harmony of individuals with the Dao. Confucius desired harmony between the cosmos order and the social order.

Who is Kung fu-tz? (6th c. BCE)

"Kung fu-tzu" is Confucios before his name was Latinized.

The Great Learning was written by Da Xue.

The book deals with the education of gentlemen in general. In classical Chinese education, this was the first text studied by schoolboys.

What is The Book of Mencius?

Written in the (3^rd c. BCE). It is a collection of the sayings of one of Confucius’s principal disciples. It systematized the teachings of Confucius.

parent and child
- husband and wife
- elder and younger brother
- friend and friend
- ruler and subject

What is the Way of Dao for Confucians?

For Confucians, the way to the Dao is to seek virtue actively

cheng-ming is "the rectification of names."

He believed that:

1) humans are by nature good. There are times when good feelings are not prompted by desire for reward. This natural goodness must be cultivated.
2) like Confucius, he emphasized obligations to, and love of, family members
3) rulers are obligated to help provide the material means for life to all citizens. They should adhere to a land distribution system to insure fair distribution.
4) citizens have the right to revolt against a ruler who fails to live up to his obligations

Temples or “temples of culture”

They belonged to a new kind of landowning gentry.

They had largely replaced the old aristocracy.

As government officials, they oversaw the educational network;

They also performed rituals in the court and on the local level.

Under the Yi dynasty (end of the fourteenth century-1900s CE) Mahayana Buddhism’s dominance gradually lessened. The Yi dynasty was thoroughly Confucian in court politics and elite culture. In the nineteenth century, the government tried to limit the economic power of monastic estates. Even today Confucian influence is felt in South Korea (in political behavior, legal practice, ancestral veneration, and village schools).

In the seventh century CE, Confucianism’s influence began to be felt. In the seventeenth century the Tokugawa rulers saw to a more thorough Confucianization of society. It can be argued that Japanese companies are operated on the model of the Confucian family.

Confucianism in China During the Modern Period

*1905 the Ch’ing rulers abolished the civil service exam in favor of a Western system of education

 *1949 the communist government outlawed sacrifices to Confucius

 *1980 Confucius has been rehabilitated.

Authorities came to believe that the revivalism of Confucianism might help to counteract the rising tide of individualistic consumerism and distrust of those in authority, especially among the youth.

Shinto comes from two Chinese words: shen (spirits) and dao (way), that is the “way of the spirits.”

bushido is the

"Warrior knight way";

military devotion to a ruler, demanding loyalty, duty, and self-sacrifice;

and ideal promoted by State Shinto.

The earliest chronicle of Japanese history

712, “Chronicles of Ancient Events”

What is the meaning of the word Shinto?

Shinto comes from two Chinese words: shen (spirits) and dao (way), that is the “way of the spirits.”

6th c. CE

When did the Emperor Meiji reinterpret Shinto in response to Western challenge?

The first to deny his divinity, the emperor Hirohito denied his divinity on what date?

Who was Jimmu Tenno, and when did he live?

(7th c. BCE), first human emperor of Japan. He was a human with a kami nature

What is the meaning of worship in Shinto?

Worship is not so much a human attempt to obtain a special blessing. It is to share, through ritual, fellowship of life with the kami.

What is the relationship between Shinto and Buddhism?

Japanese peoples called on both kami and Buddhist deities, buddha's and kami's in paintings etc.

Who was Motoori Norinaga?

(1730-1801).
 * He argued that Shinto surpassed all religions and encompassed all religions.
 * He declared that Buddha and Confucius are kami and that their ways are roads of the wide Way of Kami.
 * He taught that Japan was superior to other countries. Other countries should give allegiance to the Mikado, the Japanese emperor.

He purified it of many Buddhist influences.

What is State Shinto?

(Jinja Shinto)
- amplified the Japanese traditions of ancestor veneration
- was identified with the emperor, the government, and patriotism. State Shinto affirmed the connection of the nation with ancestors, the will of the emperor, and the goddess. The individual belonged to the state.
- included most of the Shinto shrines and rituals
- placed all shrines under the control of a government Bureau of Shrines

Mt Fiji

pilgrimage place

Tenrikyo

What is the Shinto worldview?

What does it mean to be human?
Japanese are potentially kami. They came from acts of kami, and by acting heroically, they can become kami. As do Confucians, Japanese look on humans as servants of family, state, and ancestors. An individual is never isolated. He or she is always part of an extended family and a national people. People are expected to do their best for all these groups.

Where is The Grand Imperial Shrine of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu located?