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Exam 3: COUGS
NA
120
Management
Undergraduate 3
04/02/2012

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Motivation
Definition
forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expanded at work.
Term
Need
Definition
is an unfulfilled physiological or psychological desire
Term
Lower-order needs
Definition
are physiological, safety, and social needs in Maslows hierarchy
Term
Higher-order- needs
Definition
are esteem and self-actualization needs in Maslow’s hierarchy
Term
Deficit principle
Definition
states that a satisfied need does not motivate behavior
Term
Progression principle
Definition
states that a need inst activated until the next lower level need is satisfied.
Term
Existence needs
Definition
are desires for physical well being
Term
Relatedness needs
Definition
are desires for good interpersonal relationships
Term
Growth needs
Definition
are desires for personal growth and development
Term
Frustration-regression principle
Definition
states that an already satisfied need become reactivated when a higher-level need is blocked
Term
Satisfier factor
Definition
is found in job content, such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, or personal growth.
Term
Hygiene factor
Definition
is found in the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary.
Term
Need for achievement
Definition
- is desire to do something better, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks
Term
Need for power
Definition
the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people
Term
Need for affiliation
Definition
the desire to establish and maintain good relations with people
Term
Expectancy-
Definition
is a person’s belief that working hard will result in high task performance
Term
Instrumentality
Definition
is a person’s belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance.
Term
Valence
Definition
is the value a person assigns to work-related outcomes.
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
is a person’s belief that she or he is capable of performing a task
Term
Law of effect
Definition
states that behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is not.
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
is the control of behavior by manipulating its consequences.
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
strengthens behavior by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
strengthens behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Term
Punishment
Definition
discourages behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence
Term
Extinction
Definition
discourages behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence
Term
Shaping
Definition
is positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior
Term
Continuous reinforcement
Definition
rewards each time a desired behavior occurs
Term
Intermittent
Definition
- rewards behavior only periodically
Term
Job design
Definition
is arranging work task for individuals and groups
Term
Job simplification
Definition
employs people in clearly defined and specialized tasks with narrow job scope
Term
Automation
Definition
is the total mechanization of job
Term
Job rotation
Definition
increases task variety by periodically shifting workers between different jobs
Term
Job enlargement
Definition
increases task variety by combining into one job two or more tasks previously done by separate workers
Term
Job enrichment
Definition
increases job depth by adding work planning and evaluating duties normally performed by the supervisor
Term
Flexible working hours
Definition
give employees some choice in daily work hours
Term
Compressed workweek
Definition
allows a fulltime job to be completed in less than five days
Term
Job sharing
Definition
splits one job between two people
Term
Telecommuting
Definition
involves using IT to work at home or outside the office
Term
Contingency workers
Definition
are employed on a part-time and temporary basis to supplement a permanent workforce.
Term
Perception
Definition
is the process through which people receive, organize, and interpret information from the environment
Term
Psychological contract
Definition
is the set of individual expectations about the employment relationship
Term
Attribution
Definition
is the process of explaining events
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
overestimates internal factors and underestimates external factors as influences on someone’s behavior
Term
Self serving bias
Definition
explains personal success by internal causes and personal failures by external causes
Term
Stereotype-
Definition
occurs when attributes commonly associated with a group are assigned to an individual
Term
Halo effect
Definition
occurs when one attribute is used to develop an overall impression of a person or situation
Term
Selective perception
Definition
Is the tendency to define problems from one’s own point of view
Term
Projection
Definition
is the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals
Term
Impression management
Definition
is the systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us
Term
Personality
Definition
is the profile of characteristics making a person unique from others
Term
Extraversion
Definition
is being outgoing, sociable, and assertive
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
being good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
is being responsible, dependable. And careful
Term
Emotional stability
Definition
is being relaxed, secure and unworried
Term
Openness to experience
Definition
is being curious, receptive to ne ides and imaginative
Term
Locus control
Definition
is the extent to which one believes that what happens is within one’s control
Term
Authoritarianism
Definition
is the degree of which a person tends to defer to authority
Term
Machiavellianism
Definition
describes the extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative
Term
Self-monitoring
Definition
is the degree to which someone is able to adjust behavior in response to external factors
Term
Type A personality
Definition
is a person oriented toward extreme achievement, impatience, and perfectionism.
Term
Cognitive dissonance
Definition
is discomfort felt when attitude and behavior are inconsistent
Term
Job satisfaction
Definition
is the degree to which an individual feels positive or negative about a job.
Term
Withdrawal behaviors
Definition
occur as temporary absenteeism and actual job turnover
Term
Employee engagement
Definition
is willingness to help others do extra, and feeling positive about the organization.
Term
Job involvement
Definition
is the extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job
Term
Organizational commitment
Definition
is the loyalty of an individual to the organization
Term
Organizational citizenship
Definition
is a willingness to go beyond the call of duty or go the extra mile in one’s work
Term
Emotional intelligence
Definition
is an ability to understand emotions and manage relationships effectively.
Term
Emotions
Definition
are strong feelings directed toward someone or something
Term
Moods
Definition
are generalized positive and negative feelings or states of minds
Term
Mood contagion
Definition
is the spillover of one’s positive or negative moods onto others
Term
Stress
Definition
is a state of tension caused by extraordinary demands, constraints or opportunities
Term
Stressor
Definition
is anything that causes stress
Term
Constructive stress
Definition
acts in a positive way to increase effort, simulate creativity, and encourage diligence in one’s work
Term
Destructive stress
Definition
impairs the performance of an individual
Term
Job burnout
Definition
is physical and mental exhaustion from work stress
Term
Workplace rage
Definition
is aggressive behavior toward co workers or work setting
Term
Personal wellness
Definition
is the pursuit of one’s full potential through a personal health-promotion
Term
Scientific Management
Definition
emphasizes careful selection and training of workers and supervisory support
Term
Bureaucracy:
Definition
a rational and efficient form of organization founded on logic, order, and legitimate authority
Term
Organizational Behavior:
Definition
study of individuals and groups in organizations
Term
Hawthorne Effect:
Definition
tendency of persons singled out for special attention to perform as expected
Term
Human relations movement:
Definition
suggested that managers sing good human relations will achieve productivity
Term
Need:
Definition
a physiological or psychological deficiency that a person wants to satisfy
Term
Deficit Principle:
Definition
satisfied need does not motivate behavior
Term
Progression Principle:
Definition
a need is activated only when the lower level need is satisfied
Term
Theory X:
Definition
assumes people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibility
Term
Theory Y:
Definition
assumes people are willing to work, like responsibility and are self-directed and creative
Term
Self-fulfilling Prophecy:
Definition
occurs when a person acts in ways that confirm another’s expectations
Term
Contingency Thinking:
Definition
tries to match management practices with situational demands
Term
Leadership:
Definition
process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks
Term
Power:
Definition
ability to get someone else to do something you want done or to make things happen the way you want
Term
Reward Power:
Definition
the capacity to offer something of value as a means of influencing other people
Term
Coercive Power:
Definition
the capacity to punish or withhold positive outcomes as a mean of influencing other people
Term
Legitimate Power:
Definition
capacity to influence other people by virtue of formal authority, or the rights of office
Term
Expert Power:
Definition
Capacity to influence other people because of specialized knowledge
Term
Referent Power:
Definition
the capacity to influence other people because of their desire to indentify personally with you
Term
Vision:
Definition
clear sense of the future
Term
Visionary leadership:
Definition
brings to the situation a clear sense of the future and an understanding of how to get there
Term
Servant leadership:
Definition
follower-centered and committed to helping others in their work
Term
Empowerment:
Definition
enables others to gain and use decision-making power
Term
Leadership Style:
Definition
the recurring pattern of behavior exhibited by a leader
Term
Autocratic:
Definition
a leader that acts in a command and control fashion
Term
Human Relation:
Definition
is a leader that emphasizes power over a task
Term
Laissez-faire:
Definition
is a leader that has a “do the best you can and don’t bother me” attitude
Term
Democratic:
Definition
leader emphasizes both tasks and people
Term
Least-preferred co-worker scale:
Definition
LPC, used in Fielder’s contingency model to measure a person’s leadership style
Term
Substitutes for leadership:
Definition
factors in the work setting that direct work efforts without the involvement of a leader
Term
Authority decision:
Definition
made by the leader and then communicated to the group
Term
Consultative decision:
Definition
made by a leader after receiving information, advice, or opinions form group members
Term
Authority decision:
Definition
made by a leader and then communicated to the group
Term
Group decision:
Definition
made by group members them selves
Term
Charismatic leader:
Definition
Inspires followers in extraordinary ways
Term
Transformational leadership:
Definition
inspirational arouses extraordinary effort and performance
Term
Emotional intelligence:
Definition
the ability to manage our emotions in social relationships
Term
Gender similarities hypothesis:
Definition
hold that male and females have similar psychological properties
Term
Interactive leadership:
Definition
strong communicators and act democratic and participative with followers
Term
Moral leadership:
Definition
always “good” and “right” by ethical standards
Term
Integrity:
Definition
leaders show this by acting with honesty, credibility, and consistency in putting values into action
Term
Authentic leadership:
Definition
activates positive psychological states to achieve self-awareness and positive self-regulation
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