1. budding=split off tiny piece 

2. fragmentation= done by cyanobacteria

3. viviparity= give birth to live young

4. spores= produced by actinomycetes at ends of filamentous cells

cocci- sphere

coccobacillus- elongated sphere

bacillus- rod

vibrio- curved rod

spirillum- stiff spiral

spirochete- flexible spiral

pleomorphic- varies in shape/size

1. How do all prokaryotic cells reproduce?

2. How do most reproduce?

1. Asexually

2. Binary fission

1. diplococci- pairs

2. streptococci-chains

3. staphylococci- clusters

4. tetrads- groups of four (division in two planes)

5. sarcina- cube shaped (division in three planes)

1. random- cells are separate

2. diplobacilli- pairs

3. streptobacilli-chains

4. Palisades- stacks

5. V-shape- V shaped

What is an endospore? 

How are endospores different from spores?

Endospores allow for defense against hostile conditions.

Spores are reproductive structures

binary fission

budding

fragmentation

thermophiles- require high temperatures

halophiles- require high salt

Describe methanogens. 

Obligate anaerobes that convert organic wastes into methane

What are deeply branching bacteria? (4 parts)

What is an example?

-Appear similar to earliest bacteria

-autotrophs

-live in hot/acidic/anaerobic environments

-can withstand UV radiation

-Example: Deinococcus

cyanobacteria

green phototrophic bacteria

purple phototrophic bacteria

Oxygenic photosynthesis- reason why earths atmosphere has oxygen

Nitrogen fixation- take N and release Ammonia that other cells can use

1. bacteriochlorophylls instead of chlorophyll

2. anoxygenic- don't make O

3. Live in anaerobic sediments rich in H2S

4. Deposit sulfur either inside or outside of cell

Which green/purple bacteria is a photoautotroph 

(sulfur or non-sulfur)?

Why?

Which green/purple bacteria (sulfur or non-sulfur) is a photoheterotroph? 

Why?

What is a G+C ratio?

What is it used for?

What is considered a low G+C ratio?

What is considered a high G+C ratio?

Percentage of all base pairs in DNA that are guanine-cytosine base pairs.

This aids in the classification of bacteria.

low= below 50%

high= above 50%

Describe clostridia/clostridium (4 parts).

Describe 4 examples

rod shaped, obligate anaerobes, form endospores, produce potent toxins.

C. tetani- causes tetanus,

C. perfringens- gangrene

C. botulinum- botulism

C. difficile- severe diarrhea

lack cell walls

smallest of all prokaryotes

cause walking pneumonia and UTI's

Why can mycoplasmas survive without a cell wall?

(3 reasons)

Endospore-forming aerobes and facultative anaerobes

B. thuringiensis- Bt toxin

B. polymyxa- synthesizes the antibiotic polymyxin 

B. anthracis- causes anthrax

B. cereus- causes food poisoning from rice.

contaminate unpasteurized milk/meat products

G+, low G+C bacilli

organisms protect the body by inhibiting growth of pathogens

G+, low G+C bacteria

Describe mycobacterium (2 parts)

What are two examples?

produce waxy mycolic acids in cell walls which protects it.

High G+C G+ bacteria

M. Tuberculosis and M. leprae (leprosy)

form branching filaments like fungi

some produce reproductive spores

high G+C G+ bacteria

High G+C G+ bacteria

degrades pollutants

High G+C G+ bacteria

Produce most important antibiotics

degrade lignin in wood, chitin in insects, latex, aromatic chemicals, and keratin

gives soil its smell

they are aerobes that can grow at very low nutrient content. Some have cell extensions called prothecae that allow for nutrient absorption.

Nitrogen fixers, rickettsia, brucella

Important in agriculture because they grow along with roots

alphaproteobacteria

What is rickettsia? (3 parts)

What kind of bacteria is it?

small rod that lives inside mammalian cells, causes typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

alphaproteobacteria

coccobacilus

causes brucellosis which causes spontaneous abortions/sterility

found in unpasteurized milk

Describe gammaproteobacteria

list three major bacteria

largest and most diverse group of proteobacteria

leigionella, glycolytic facultative anaerobes, pseudomondads

type of gammaproteobacteria

intracellular pathogen

Causes legionnaires' disease

thrive inside phagocytes

largest group of gammaproteobacteria

includes E Coli 

pseudomonas aeruginosa

(4)

causes UTIs, swimmers' ear

extremely resistant

produces green pigment

makes H2S gas and corrodes iron 

important in sulfur cycle

deltaproteobacteria

Bdellovibrio

(2)

deltaproteobacteria

attacks G- bacteria

differentiate reproductive structures

deltaproteobacteria

where does Chlamydia reproduce?

What does it cause (3)?

Is it G+ or G-?

only reproduce in cells

causes blindness, pneumonia, and an STD

 G-

Spirochetes causes what two diseases?

Is it G+ or G-?

G-

causes syphillis and lyme disease

Describe bacteroids

G+ or G-?

oxygen requirement?

where does it live?

G- bacteria

obligate anaerobes

most common anaerobic pathogen

inhabits digestive tract

1. DNA+histones=chromosome, all chromosomes are chromatin, found in mitochondria and chloroplasts

2. asexual reproduction

3. sexual reproduction= form gametes that fuse to become a zygote

4. Algae, fungi, and some protozoa reproduce both sexually and asexually

nuclear division

eukaryotes

meiosis

Is meiosis particular to eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

diploid cell produces 4 haploid cells, this is necessary for sexual reproduction

in eukaryotes

cytokinesis

cytokinesis is particular to prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

cell division

eukaryotes

Morphology of protozoa----

what is a macronucleus?

Morphology of protozoa----

micronucleus (3 parts)

Morphology of protozoa----

trophozoite

Morphology of protozoa-----

cyst

protozoa, lack mitochondria

trichomonas- sexually transmitted disease that causes infections/sterility

protozoa, no mitochondria, golgi bodies, and peroxisomes. 2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella

Giardia- diarrhea causing pathogen from streams

protozoa, photoautotrophic, chlorophyll, no starch, lack cell walls, have flagella, chemoheterotrophic in dark, squirming movement

trypanosoma and leishmania- cause sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis, carried by flies

Describe alveolates

What are the three taxons of these?

protozoa, contain alveoli, have 3 subgroups

apicomplexans, ciliates, dinoflagellates

Describe rhizaria

What are two kinds, what are their shells made of

amoebae that use threadlike pseudopodia

foraminifera- calcium carbonate and radiolarians- shell of silica

decompose dead organisms

form mycorrhizae that help plants absorb nutrients

source of drugs

But form mycoses-fungal diseases

what is the thallus of molds

describe hyphae

give two examples of dimorphic fungi

mycelium

hyphae- long, branched, tubular structures of mycelium

histoplasma capsulatum-histoplasmosis, a respiratory disease

coccidioides immitis- causes coccidiomycosis or valley fever

saprobes- eat dead things

some trap/kill nematodes

haustoria-modified hyphae that penetrate living tissue

1. sporangiospores- form inside sac

2. chlamydospores- form with thickened wall hyphae

3. conidiospores- produced a tips of hyphae, not within a sac

ascomycota

name 4 examples

fungi, form ascospores in sac, 

aspergillus, penicillium, saccharomyces, truffles