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| cerebrum (largest part of the brain) |
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| cerebellum (little brain) |
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| spinal cord or bone marrow |
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| exaggerated fear or sensitivity |
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| three-dimensional or solid |
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| ventricle (belly or pouch) |
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| condition of abnormal impulse toward |
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central nervous system
(CNS) |
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| portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium |
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| largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves, known as cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie |
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| anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality |
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| portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch |
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| portion that lies below the frontal lobe; responsible for hearing, taste, and smell |
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| portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes; responsible for vision |
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| outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter; responsible for higher mental functions (cortex=bark) |
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| each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain; responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex |
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| convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| shallow grooves that separate gyri |
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| deep grooves in the brain |
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| portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; the three levels are the mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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Definition
| plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body |
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Definition
| three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater |
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Term
peripheral nervous system
(PNS) |
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Definition
| nerves that branch from the CNS including cranial and spinal nerves |
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Definition
| 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain |
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Definition
| 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord |
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Definition
| nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves (ad=toward; ferre=carry) |
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Definition
| nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves (e=out; ferre=carry) |
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Term
autonomic nervous system
(ANS) |
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Definition
| nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands |
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Term
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Definition
| control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon) |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| division of the autonomic nervous system that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language, as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words; occurs as a result of a stroke, head trauma, or disease |
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Definition
| a general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow Coma Scale |
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Definition
| a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function; the many causes include fever, shock, and drug overdose (deliro=to draw the furrow awry when plowing, to go off the rails) |
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Definition
| an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion (dementio=to be mad) |
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Definition
| loss or impairment of muscle function |
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Definition
| loss or impairment of sensation |
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Definition
| pain along the course of a nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary or permanent loss of motor control |
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Definition
| defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion |
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Definition
| stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder |
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Definition
| partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body |
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Definition
| pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from an abnormal firing of nerve impulses; may or may not be associated with convulsion |
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Definition
| to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles |
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Definition
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Definition
| evoking a response by touching |
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Definition
| increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain |
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Definition
| abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause |
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Definition
| any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information |
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Definition
| inability to judge the form of an object by touch (e.g., a coin from a key) |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to locate a sensation properly, such as an inability to locate a point touched on the body |
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Term
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Definition
| disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death |
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Term
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) |
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Definition
| condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death; also known as Lou Gehrig disease |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination (palsy=paralysis) |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain |
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Term
| cerebral arteriosclerosis |
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Definition
| hardening of the arteries of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of lipid (fat) buildup within the blood vessels of the brain (ather/o=fatty [lipid] paste |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation of a blood vessel in the brain (aneurysm=dilation or widening) |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation |
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Term
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke |
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Definition
| damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus (ischemic stroke) or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke) |
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Term
transient ischemic attack
(TIA) |
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Definition
| brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment); often precedes a CVA |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder affecting the CNS; characterized by recurrent seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups; previously termed grand mal (big bad) seizure |
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Term
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Definition
| seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement; previously termed petit mal (little bad) seizure |
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Term
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Definition
| seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor of glial cells graded according to degree of malignancy |
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Term
herniated disk
herniated disc |
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Definition
| protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
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Term
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Definition
| viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles |
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Term
Huntington chorea
Huntington disease (HD) |
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Definition
| hereditary disease of the CNS characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia (choros=dance) |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (the meninges) |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of mostly unilateral headache, often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| disease of the CNS characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of they myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission) |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength; activity resumes and strength returns after a period of rest |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations) |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| defect in closure of the cephalic portion of the neural tube that results in incomplete development of the brain and bones of the skull; the most drastic neural tube defect usually results in a stillbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| defect in development of the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of the meninges (meningocele) or of the meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele); considered to be the most common neural tube defect (spina=spine; bifida=split into two parts) |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of slowly progressive degeneration in an area of the brainstem (substantia nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine (a chemical neurotransmitter necessary for proper movement); characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow movements (bradykinesia); usually occurs later in life |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis on one side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis from the waist down |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis of all four limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis (polio=gray) |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation involving two or more nerves, often caused by a nutritional deficiency, such as lack of thiamine |
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Term
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Definition
| periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring |
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Term
| electrodiagnostic procedures |
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Definition
| diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the function of the nervous system by recording the electrical signals produced in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves |
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Term
electroencephalogram
(EEG) |
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Definition
| record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain; used to identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| record of minute electrical potentials (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders; also used to monitor the neurologic function of patients during surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| recording of various aspects of sleep (e.g., eye and muscle movements, respiration, and EEG patterns) to diagnose sleep disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, such as to obtain CSF for testing; also called spinal tap |
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Term
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) |
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Definition
| nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures (especially soft tissue), such as the tissues of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
magnetic resonance angiography
(MRA) |
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Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels to detect pathologic conditions, such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis (common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion) |
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Term
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Definition
| magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery |
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Term
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Definition
| radionuclide organ imaging |
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Term
single-photon emission computed tomography brain scan
(SPECT) |
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Definition
| scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after the administration of radioactive isotopes |
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Term
positron-emission tomography
(PET) |
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Definition
| technique combining nuclear medicine and CT to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology; used to study stroke, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain, and so on; provides greater accuracy than SPECT, but is used less often because of cost and the limited availability of the radioisotopes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium |
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Term
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Definition
| computed tomographic (x-ray) images of the head used to visualize abnormalities, such as brain tumors and malformations |
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Term
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Definition
| x-ray of the spinal cord obtained after intraspinal injection of contrast medium |
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Term
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Definition
| test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus |
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Term
deep tendon reflexes
(DTR) |
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Definition
| involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon (e.g., patella or Achilles) indicating function; positive findings are either no reflex response or an exaggerated response to stimulus; numbers are often used to record responses. 0=no response (absent reflex); 1+=diminished response; 2+=normal response; 3+=more brisk than average response; 4+=hyperactive response |
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Term
Babinski sign
Babinski reflex |
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Definition
| pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (curl upward) |
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Term
| transcranial Doppler sonogram |
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Definition
| image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels; used in the diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| incision and coring of the lining of the carotid artery to clear a blockage caused by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque or a clot; an open procedure used to treat patients who are at risk for stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| excision of part of the skull to approach the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| incision into the skull to approach the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal of a herniated disk; often done percutaneously (per=through; cutaneous=skin) |
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Term
endovascular neurosurgery
interventional neuroradiology |
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Definition
| minimally invasive techniques for diagnosis and treatment of disorders within blood vessels of the neck, brain, and spinal cord using specialized catheters inserted percutaneously (through the skin) into the femoral artery (in the groin) and guided by angiographic imaging to the treatment site; performed in a specialized angiographic laboratory by interventional neuroradiologists; common procedures are: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with stent (e.g., carotid PTA) and embolization (plugging) of intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations |
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Term
|
Definition
| excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch |
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Term
|
Definition
| use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical repair of a nerve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce |
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Term
|
Definition
| treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede the proliferation of malignant cells |
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Term
| stereotactic or stereotaxic surgery |
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Definition
| radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions using multiple, precise external radiation beams focused on a target with the aid of a stereotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions |
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Term
| stereotactic or stereotaxic frame |
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Definition
| mechanical device used to localize a point in space, targeting a precise site |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| agent that prevents or lessens convulsion |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| emotional feeling or mood |
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Term
|
Definition
| significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| a lack of interest or display of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| a persistent belief that has no basis in reality |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with the intent to harm |
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Term
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Definition
| a restless, dissatisfied mood |
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Term
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Definition
| an exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| a false perception of the senses for which there is no reality; most commonly hearing or seeing things (alucinor=to wander in mind) |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of thoughts or ideas, such as suicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide) |
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Term
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Definition
| state of abnormal elation and increased activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment |
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Term
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Definition
| thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction |
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Term
major depression
major depressive illness
clinical depression
major affective disorder
unipolar disorder |
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Definition
| a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest |
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Term
|
Definition
| a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression |
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Term
manic depression
bipolar disorder (BD) |
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Definition
| an affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression (extreme up and down states) |
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Term
seasonal affective disorder
(SAD) |
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Definition
| an affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and that remit in the spring |
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Term
generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD) |
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Definition
| most common; chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday problems; affects the ability to relax or concentrate, but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment; physical symptoms include muscle tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and insomnia |
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Term
|
Definition
| sudden recurrent attacks of intense feelings, including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack with a general sense of loss of control or feeling that death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia |
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Term
|
Definition
| exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic; named for the object or circumstance, such as agoraphobia, claustrophobia, and acrophobia |
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Term
posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) |
|
Definition
| results from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal; symptoms include feelings of fear, detachment, exaggerated startle response, restlessness, nightmares, and avoidance of anything or anyone who triggers the painful recollections |
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Term
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD) |
|
Definition
| unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions; can interfere with all aspects of a person's daily life |
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Term
|
Definition
| preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary |
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Term
|
Definition
| developmental disability, usually appearing in first three years of life, resulting from a neurologic disorder affecting brain function, as evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself (auto=self) in social interactions; persons with autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking and repetitive hand movements; persons commonly become preoccupied with observing parts of small objects or moving parts or with performing meaningless rituals |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| developmental disability characterized by difficult understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs that affects reading, spelling, and self-expression |
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Term
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) |
|
Definition
| a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function formally at school, home, or work |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or less, resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, as evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal |
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Term
|
Definition
| eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise |
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Term
| substance abuse disorders |
|
Definition
| mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins, causing personal and social dysfunction; identified by the abused substance, such as alcohol abuse, amphetamine abuse, opioid (narcotic) abuse, and polysubstance abuse |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment; symptoms include distortions of normal function (such as disorganized thought, delusions, hallucinations, and catatonic behavior), flat affect, apathy, and withdrawal from reality |
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Term
electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT) |
|
Definition
| electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat patients with severe depression |
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Term
|
Definition
| use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques |
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Term
|
Definition
| treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| medications used to treat mental illnesses (trop/o=a turning) |
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Term
antianxiety agents
anxiolytic agents |
|
Definition
| drugs used to reduce anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
| agent that counteracts depression |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| agent that has a calming effect and quiets nervousness |
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Term
|
Definition
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| generalized anxiety disorder |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance angiography |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nerve conduction velocity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| positron-emission tomography |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posttraumatic stress disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seasonal affective disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single-photon emission computed tomography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transient ischemic attack |
|
|
