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| stored energy (due to location or structure/composition of the substance) |
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| heat, light, electricity, heart beating |
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| give examples of kinetic energy |
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| boulder on top of a mountain; concentration gradient; energy stored in a chem. bond - potential energy of molecules |
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| examples of potential energy |
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| Total energy of the universe is constant; energy can be neither created or destroyed |
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| 1st law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy conversions reduce the order of the universe and increase its entropy (an input of energy is needed to maintain order in a living organism) |
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| 2nd law of Thermodynamics |
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| amount of disorder in a system |
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| Producers capture some of the sun's energy in the chem. bonds of sugars; Cells release the energy in the sugars and capture some of the energy in the chem. bonds of ATP; cells release the energy stored in the ATP and use some of this energy to do the work of the cell. Energy becomes less and less 'concentrated' in this process. |
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| Describe the one way flow of energy... |
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| A chemical reaction with a net release of energy (Products are of lower energy than the reactants) |
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| Chemical reactions that require a net input of energy (products are of higher energy than the reactants) |
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Multi-step process by which energy stored in the bonds of glucose is released (some of the energy released is used to make ATP; some of the energy is released as heat);
-Example of Exergonic Reaction- |
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| cellular respiration and hydolysis of ATP |
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Definition
| two examples of exergonic reactions are.... |
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| photosynthesis and synthesis of ATP |
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| two examples of endergonic reactions are... |
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| multi-step process in which the sun's energy is used to convert CO2 and water into high energy sugar molecules |
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| nucleotide, nitrogenous base, 5 Carbon sugar, Triphosphate; the cell's primary energy carrier; the energy in this molecule is in the bonds between the phosphates |
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| energy coupling (coupled reactions) ex. Active transport; 1st step of glycolysis |
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| ernergy given off by the exergonic reaction is used to fuel/drive the endergonic reaction |
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| the breakdown of glucose results in the release of enough energy to make how many ATP? |
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| when ATP synthesis is coupled with exergonic reactions in the cell- |
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| releases the energy stored in the ATP |
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| the input of energy that chem. reactions require to get started is called... |
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| proteins that funtion as biological catalysts; speed up chem. reactions by lowering the Ea; provides a lower energy pathway to products |
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| the reactant that fits into the active site of an enzyme |
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| a pocket on the enzyme's surface that the substrate attaches to (only binds specific substrates) |
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| substances that interfere with an enzyme's ability to function |
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| 1) substrate level phosphoralytion and 2) oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Two ways that ATP is made during cellular respiration |
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| "Loss of electron - oxidation"..."Gain Electrons - reduction" |
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Definition
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| in grana of the thylakoid membrane system |
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Definition
| where light dependent reactions occur during photosynthesis |
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| where light-independent reactions occur in plant cell |
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| Glycolysis and citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) |
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Definition
| two examples of substrate level phosphorylation |
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| Electrons transport system and chemiosmosis |
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Definition
| two examples of oxidative phosphorylation |
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| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| substrate gives energy and phosphate groups (P) to ADP and makes ATP (makes small amount of ATP) |
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| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) deliver electrons to the Electron Transport Sys. (ETS) on the inner membrane of the mitochondria; Electrons are passed from membrane protein to protein in a series of oxidation reduction reactions; Energy is used to create a chemical gradient. |
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| starting material for glycolysis |
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| reaction that occurs as the pyruvate enter the matrix of the mitochondria during aerobic respiration; each pyruvate has a Carbon removed and co-enzyme A added; 2 NADH (go to ETS) and 2 CO2 (diffuse out of mito. and cell) are produced. |
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| Preparatory step occurs in mitochondria as pyruvate enters under aerobic conditions...substrate is 2 pyruvate (3C)...End product is 2 Acetyl CO-A (2C)...Also made...2 NADH and 2 CO2 |
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Definition
Preparatory step: Occurs in.......
substrate.........End product......
Also made.......... |
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