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| Mauna Loa- Hawaii- a broad gently sloping volcano built from fluid basaltic magmas |
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| lava with smooth, ropy surface |
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| lava with a jagged, blocky structure |
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| composed of both lava and pyroclastic flows- aka composite cone |
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| 3rd type of volcano, looks like a cone |
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| body of molten rock located beneath earths surface |
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| magma that reaches earths surface |
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a measure of a fluids resistance to flow
a magmas viscosity is directly related to its silica content. Viscosity and explosivity determine the type of volcano that form |
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| silica content of magma/lava |
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| forms shield volcanoes, black or dark colored molten material composed of ferromagnesian minerals- have low silica conent and low viscosity- they move rapidly |
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| forms strata volcanoes, lights colored molten material composed of silicate minerals (quarts-kfeldspar)-have high silica content and high viscosity- flow slowly |
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| Factors affecting viscosity |
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| temperature, chemical composition, dissolved gases (volatiles) |
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| incandescent volcanic debris ("glowing cloud") incorporating hot gases that move down slope, similar to a snow avalanche |
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| Lake nyos- Cameroon- Africa |
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| vent released gas underwater but when gas was released it killed many people- a landslide occured creating a burp which released gas |
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| oscillatory movement in a body of water manifested by an alternate rise and fall of the surface |
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| wave height, wave length, wave period |
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| verticle distance between the crest and trough 2x amplitude |
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| horizontal distance between two crests or troughs |
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| time interval between the passage of 2 successive crests measured from a stationary point speed= T/D |
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| factors affecting wave height, length, period |
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| wind speed, wind duration, fetch-distance that the wind has traveled across water |
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waves that occur in open ocean; the wave moves not the water
depth greater than 1/2 wavelength |
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turbulent near shore, waves break
waves depth must be less than 1/2 is wavelenght |
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| change in direction of waves as they enter shallow water, waves are bent as friction from the shore bottem slows them |
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| headlands, sea arch, sea stack, spit (cape cod), baymouth bar (filled in spit), tombolo |
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| land that used to be below sea level has been exposed by crustal uplift or a drop in sea level or both- straight coastlines of low relief with marine terraces, barrier islands, spits, and sounds |
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| "drowned coastline"- formed by submergence of the coastline- drowned valleys, deep embayments, numerous islands, cliffed headlands, irregulars shorelines, ex. Maine |
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| periodic changes in elevation of the ocean surface due to the gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon- greatest tidal range 60ft in Bay of Fundy |
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| the highest tidal ranges occur near times of new and full moons, twice a month, about 20% higher than normal |
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| the lowest tidal range, occur near times of first and third quarters of the moon, twice a month, 20% lower |
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| diurnal tides semi diurnal tides |
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| in between spring and neap |
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| average mean sea level (AMSL) |
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| measure of the average height of the oceans surface, such as the halfway point between the mean high tide and the mean low tide, used as the ultimate benchmark- point of know elevation |
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| against the floor of the ocean acts as a weak break that steadily slows the rotation of the earth |
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| distribution of water in the subsurface |
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| 1. belt of soil moisture 2. zone of unsaturation 3. capillary fringe 4. water table 5. zone of saturation |
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| zone in which water is helf as a film on the surface of soil particles, may be used by plants or withdrawn by evaporation |
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| area above the water table where void space in soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated but filled w/ air, aka Zone of aeration and Vadoes Zone |
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| relatively narrow zone at the base of the zone of unsaturation, water rises from the water table in tiny threadlike openings between grains of soil or sediment |
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| upper level of the zone of saturation effectively forming a boundary between the zone of unsaturation and saturation |
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| subsurface zone where all the open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water, aka Phreatic Zone |
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| cone-shaped depression in the water table immediately surrounding a well, caused by the withdrawal of the water by greater force from mechanical pumping |
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| the amount of the void space in the material- a measure of how much water a rock or sediment can hold |
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| the ability of a material to transmit a fluid; a measure of the interconnectedness of the pore spaces- how easily water can be transmitted dependant on the number of connected voids not the total volume |
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when permeability is uniform, the velocity of the groundwater flow increases as the slope of the water table increases
v=k(h/L) v=velocity k= hydraulic conductivity coefficient H= hydraulic head(rise) L=length(run) |
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| rock and sediment through which groundwater moves easily |
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| rock and sediment through which groundwater moves with difficulty |
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| extend continuously from the land surface downward through the material of high permeability |
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| bodies of permeable material that are confined between layers of the non-permeable strata, ie. aquitards and aquicludes |
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| self pumping wells- the difference in hydraulic head forces water out at the well head as the potentiometric surface is above the land surface |
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| occur where groundwater is perched above non-permeable rock formations as a result of a discontinuous impermeable layer- fairly common in glacial sediments |
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| oxygen, pathogenic organisms, inorganic pollutants, nutrients, eutrophication, radioactive water pollution |
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| demanding waste-bacteria that consume dead organic matter require oxygen to do so |
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| disease- causing microganisms- responsible for waterborne diseases like cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysnetery and e-coli |
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| acids, salts, toxic metals |
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| oil/petroleum- insecticides- herbicides |
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| process a body of water aquires a high concentration of nutrients that promote excessive growth of algea- as algea die and decompose high levels of organic matter and the decomposing matter deplete the water |
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| nuclear power plants, mining, industry, medical, research |
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| water pollution- point source |
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| pollutants that enter a wateray from a single identifiable source |
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| diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source |
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| the use of microrganism metabolism to remove pollutants, used to perform the function of bioremediation, most effective against organic pollutants |
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