Term
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Definition
| undifferentiated; thin cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| undifferentiated; thick cell wals; structural support |
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Term
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Definition
| thick walled, for support |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| All cell types are derived from just a few cells in the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Meristems found? |
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Definition
| shoot tips, root tips, and leaf margins |
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Term
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Definition
| These have 2 cotyledons(proto-leaves), net like venation, vascular bundles in a cylinder around the outer portion of the stem; flower parts in 4's or 5's or multiples thereof. |
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Term
| Monocotyledons (Monocots) |
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Definition
| These have 1 cotyledon, parallel venation, vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem; flower parts in 3's or multiples thereof. No secondary growth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lies directly beneath the epidermis of the root |
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Term
| Root Anatomy from Outside to Inside |
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Definition
| Epidermis, Cortex, Endodermis, Pericycle, Stele |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most primitive xylem cells, dead at maturity, thin, with end walls and pits |
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Term
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Definition
| found only in angiosperms, dead at maturity, wide and short, but can be stacked into VESSELS. Most vessel elements have no end walls, allowing rapid and efficient water transport |
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Term
| What distinguishes a sun leaf from a shade leaf? |
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Definition
| Shade leaf is thinner because it has only one layer of plaisade mesophyll, whereas sun leaves have two. |
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Term
| The major nutrients that plants need |
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Definition
| Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Magnesium, Calcium, Manganese |
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Term
| Why are heavy metals more available at lower pH? |
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Definition
| because they become soluble and can be taken up by plants. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a mobile and a immobile nutrient |
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Definition
| Mobile nutrients can be easily moved around the plant, depending on need, while immobile nutrients generally stay where they are first distributed |
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Term
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Definition
| Water Potential=Osmotic Potential+Turgor(Pressure) Potential |
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Term
| Osmotic Potential is always ___ or ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Turgor Potential is always ___ or ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Water always moves from ___ to ___ potential. |
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Definition
| Water always moves from HIGH to LOW water potential |
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Term
| Water always moves with respect to ___ ___ ___, not the individual components |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attraction of water to itself |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction of water to other objects |
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Term
| Capillarity(Theory of how water gets up tall trees) |
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Definition
| water is "pulled" up by adhesion to the walls of xylem cells, while the remaining water comes along via the process of cohesion |
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Term
| Root Pressure (Theory of how water gets up tall trees) |
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Definition
| plants draw in water via osmosis and "push" it up into the stem |
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Term
| Cohesion-Tension (Theory of how water gets up tall trees) |
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Definition
| plants "pull" water up. As water evaporates from leaves, water molecules are replaced by others in the xylem. Via cohesion, this pulls up water from the roots into the shoot. |
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Term
| Why does CAPILLARITY not work for getting water up tall trees? |
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Definition
| risi is only about .75m, and trees can be 100m tall |
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Term
| Why does ROOT PRESSURE not work for getting water up tall trees? |
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Definition
| too slow, not present in day, and not powerful enough. Plus plants are not under positive pressure when transpiring, rather, they are under negative pressure which is the same as tension |
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Term
| Why is the TENSION-COHESION THEORY the only viable theory for how water gets up trees? |
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Definition
| Air has very low water potential. Soil water when saturated has a higher water potential, thus, there is a strong water potential gradient from soil to air through the tree. |
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Term
| What is the water potential from soil to air through a tree? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can xylem support a column of water 100 meters tall? |
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Definition
| As long as it is in narrow diameter xylem such as tracheids or vessel elements. Proven through cetrifuge experiments |
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Term
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Definition
| K+ ions are moved into guard cells lowering osmotic potential and total cell water potential, causing water from nearby cells to flow into the guard cells. When water flows in, turgor pressure builds up, and the two guard cells pull away from each other allowing the pore to open up for gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| K+ ions are moved out, water follows, and turgor pressure drops allowing guard cells to "flab" against each other, closing the pore. |
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Term
| All ___ cells are alive at maturity, in contrast to xylem, which are dead. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does phloem transport occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| located adjacent to sieve tube cells, with full complement of organelles. |
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Term
| Main Phloem movement cells |
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Definition
| sieve tube cells and companion cells |
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Term
| It appears that these control sieve tube cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are used to prevent run-away leaks, and to prevent pressure from equalizing too quickly. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who figured out how phloem transport works? And when? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does phloem transport work? |
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Definition
| When sugars load into sieve tube cells, osmotic potential goes down and water rushes in. This builds up pressure, pushing sugars and water downstream. At the end of stream, sugars are exported and metabolized, water rushes out, and pressure drops. |
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Term
| ____ involves movement of water from roots to leaves only, via dead xylem cells, using tension-cohesion theory. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involves live cells and metabolic energy. Uses sieve tube and companion cells, which are alive and can move materials either up or down the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signaling molecules between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Signaling molecules between cells |
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Term
| The 5 known plant hormones are: |
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Definition
| auxins; gibberllins; cytokinins; abscisic acid; ethylene |
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Term
| These help bring about predictable patterns of development |
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Definition
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Term
| What influences hormone production? |
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Definition
| Environmental changes such as seasons and temperature |
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Term
| Hormones interact with each other to: |
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Definition
| produce specific effects on growth development |
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Term
| This man and his son found and hypothesized about the possible existence of plant hormones. |
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Definition
| Charles Darwin and his son Francis |
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Term
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Definition
| an irreversible increase in size |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of specialized cells and/or tissues or organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grad student in the 1920's that decapitated coleoptiles and put the tip on agar to determine what the chemical was that was diffusing from the tip to the base that caused bending. |
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Term
| Major functions of auxins |
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Definition
| promotes cell elongation; assists in phototropism and gravitropism responses; helps cuttings root; responsible for apical dominance(christmas tree shape) |
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Term
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Definition
| (often starch grains)settle on the lower side of cells allowing the plant to know which side is up. |
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Term
| Auxin's role in a plant's response to light |
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Definition
| when light comes from directly above, auxin is evenly distributed down the stem and the plant grows straight up. Auxins move to shaded side when sun comes from the side. |
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Term
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Definition
| auxins are responsible for apical dominace in plants. If the apical meristem is removed, and auxin placed on the tip, the plant keeps its apical dominance, proving that it is the auxin that is responsible. |
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Term
| The purpose of gibberellins. |
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Definition
| cause elongation but differently than auxins; causes fruit to expand and flowering in certain parts. |
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Term
| How is ETHYLENE important? |
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Definition
| effects found at very low concentrations and include stimulating flowering of pineapples and related plants |
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Term
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Definition
| closes stomata and keeps seeds from germinating. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Phytochromes (P) come in two forms: |
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Definition
| red absorbing and far-red absorbing |
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Term
| How do plants determine light quality? |
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Definition
| by using the ratio of red absorbing and far-red absorbing phytochromes. |
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Term
| How do plants know when to flower? |
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Definition
| Plants sense daylength. Some only flower when days are short and others when days are long. |
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Term
| What senses the daylength? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do leaves determine the daylength? |
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Definition
| by determining the nightlength, they are able to determine the daylength. |
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Term
| How can flowering induction be reversed? |
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Definition
| by using bursts of light in the night. |
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