Term
| The most naturally abundant aldohexoses are... (name 3) |
|
Definition
| glucose, mannose and galactose |
|
|
Term
| The disaccharide sucrose is composed of... |
|
Definition
| glucose and fructose; alpha beta (1->2) |
|
|
Term
| Plants store energy in the form of the polysaccharide... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exoskeleton of insects and lobsters is composed of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the carbohydrates on glycoproteins include... (there are 3) |
|
Definition
1)Cell-surface identification markers
2)Blood clotting
3)Protein turnover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)NAD+/NADH
2)NADP+/NADPH
3)FAD/FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| In thermodynamic terms, when ATP and H2O react to form ADP and Pi, the procucts are at a lower energy level than the reactants (more stable) due to what? |
|
Definition
| Resonance stabilization and charge repulsion |
|
|
Term
| What are the three primary metabolic fates of pyruvate? |
|
Definition
| Ethanol, acetyl-CoA, and lactate |
|
|
Term
| The synthesis of glucose from smaller precursors is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme, _____ uses _____ to cleave glycogen (at reducing end) and forms glucose-1-phosphate. |
|
Definition
| Glycogen phosphorylase, Pi |
|
|
Term
| The 3 steps in glycolysis that are different than those in gluconeogenesis are catalyzed by these enzymes... (3) |
|
Definition
| pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase |
|
|
Term
Complete the following reaction (pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex)
pyruvate + CoASH + NAD+ -> |
|
Definition
| Acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| The approximate yield of ATP from complete oxidation of glucose is... |
|
Definition
1)36 ATP if the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used.
2)38 ATP if the malate-aspartate shuttle is used. |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme that commits glucose to glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared with the resting state, vigorously contracting muscle shows... |
|
Definition
| an increased conversion of pyruvate to lactate |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 sugars that would give a positive Benedict's test? |
|
Definition
1)Glucose
2)Galactose
3)Lactose
4)Fructose |
|
|
Term
| What monosaccharides can be used to fuel the glycolysis pathway? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, fructose, and galactose |
|
|
Term
| The cost in high-energy phosphate bonds for the formation of 1 mole glucose from lactate (gluconeogenesis) is...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bacterial cell walls... |
|
Definition
| Polysaccharides are hydrogen bonded together. |
|
|
Term
| The reduction of pyruvate to lactate... |
|
Definition
| allows the recycling of NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| The oxidation reactions of the Pentose phosphate pathway... |
|
Definition
| produce NADPH rather than NADH |
|
|
Term
| The citric acid cycle is considered amphibolic because it... |
|
Definition
| plays a major role in both anabolism and catabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arises from inability to metabolize disaccharide lactose. |
|
|
Term
| The reactive portion of coenzyme A is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell in an active metabolic state has... |
|
Definition
| a low ATP/ADP and a low NADH/NAD+ ratio |
|
|
Term
| The Glyoxylate cycle allow the organism that posses this pathway to... |
|
Definition
| Produce carbohydrates from fats |
|
|
Term
| The CAC is considered part of the aerobic metabolism even theough oxygen does not appear explicitly in any reaction b/c... |
|
Definition
| The NADH and FADH2 produced are reoxidized in the electron transport chain linked to O2 |
|
|
Term
| Blood typing dependson on... |
|
Definition
| The nature of the oligosaccharide portion of glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| List 4 facts about cellulose. |
|
Definition
| 1)It is a homopolymer of D-glucose units 2)Glucose units are linked by b(1->4) glycosidic bonds 3)The cellulose structure is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| What is important to do concerning gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| It is important to maintain blood glucose levels during the normal overnight fast (sleep) |
|
|
Term
| List 2 biochemical differences between catabolism and anabolism. |
|
Definition
Catabolism- oxidation,exergonic, degradation of biomolecules.
Anabolism- Reduction, endergonic, synthesis of biomolecules. |
|
|
Term
| List 2 differences between amylose vs glycogen. |
|
Definition
Amylose- Found in plants; main nutrient storage molecule not branched
Glycogen- Found in animals, main nutriendt storage molecule branched. |
|
|
Term
| _____ are oxygenasesw that metabolize various nutrient substates and also detoxify drugs/xenobiotics to allow easier elimination from the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP synthesis by direct phosphoryl group transfer from a reactive intermediate is called... |
|
Definition
| substrate phosphorylation |
|
|
