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exam 3
exam 3
118
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
03/09/2015

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
2 serious bacterial pathogens of URI
Definition

Bordetella spp

Haemophilus influenzae

Term
5 pathogenic species of Bordetella
Definition

B.avium

B.bronchiseptica

B parapertussis

B. homesii

Bordetella pertussis

Term
Bordetella avium
Definition

Coryza

birds

Term

Bordetella bronchiseptica

 

Definition

kennel cough-dogs

necrotic rhinitis-pigs

URT-humans

Term
Bordetella parapertussis
Definition

mild whooping cough

human

Term
Bordetella homesii
Definition
pneumonia, bacteremia (newly emerging)
Term
Bordetella pertussis
Definition

extremely small gran neg coccobacilli

strictly aerobic

obligate human pathogen-NO animal reservoir (unlike Salmonella enteridits)

Fastidious, slow growing-3 to 6 days for colonies of Border-Gengou agar

infects the URT-cilliated respiratory epithelium

elaborates powerful toxins which elicit most of the sx of the dx

pertussis means violent cough-assoc w/ whooping cough

DPT vaccine

Term
DX Bordetella pertussis (4 ways)
Definition

1.culture bacteria from respiratory secretions (not always successful)-viable, but non culturable bacteria (VBNC) ex-can't use cotton swabs for sampling the throat b/c fatty acids in cotton kill the B pertussis bacteria

2. immunofluorescense assay on secretions-antibodies that recognize pertussis proteins

3. agglutination reaction on secretions-antibodies that recognize pertussis proteins

4.dx based on clinical dx-whoop-type coughing and lymphocytosis

 

Term
epidemiology of pertusis
Definition

worldwide problem-60 million cases, 600,000 deaths/yr

developed countries-dreamatic increase in cases with decreased vaccine use, rise of strains resistant to the vaccine

Term

transmission/infection patterns B. pertussis

(4 things)

Definition

**Highly contagious-attack rates of 50-100%

transmission-aerosol droplets from coughing

females-higher attack rate, morbidity, mortality, don't know reason for this

age distrubution-recent shifts in age groups

Term
shift in age distribution of infection
Definition

prevaccine-predominately infected young children (1-3 years of age)

post vaccine-inc rate of infection in 2 groups (older children 5 to 14; young adults 18-25)

vaccines exert strong selective pressures on pathogens

selects for outgrowth of variants for which the vaccine doesn't evoke immune protection

vaccination has "pushed" bacterium into other age groups-fewer maternal antibodies remaining in older children, protection by vaccination in young children is not lifelong

Term
virulence factors of bordetella pertussis
Definition

binds to ciliated epithelium of URT

multiple adhesions

multiple toxins

Term
name the four adhesins of B pertussis
Definition

pili-attachement to host cells

filamentous hemagglutinin-adherance to glycolipids-predominat in eukaryotic cells

capsule-antiphagocytic, adherence

pertacin-binds to host cells

 

Term
name the 6 toxins of B pertussis
Definition

pertussis toxin

adenylate cyclase toxin

lymphocytosis-promoting toxin

tracheal cytotoxin

dermonectrotic toxin

LPS (enterotoxin)

Term
Pertussis toxin of B Pertussis
Definition

A1-B5 class of toxin (similar to CT)

B pentamer-binding to receptors on cells

A polypeptide-enzyme  which increases cAMP

Term
adenylate cyclase toxin of B pertussis
Definition
increases cAMP in infected URT cells
Term
lymphocytosis promoting toxin of B pertussis
Definition
increases lymphocyte numbers in URT
Term
tracheal cytotoxin of B pertussis
Definition

may be the actual major virulence factor (as opposed to the pertussis toxin)

fragment of peptioglycan cell wall

destroys ciliated epithelial cell walls

diff from other toxins-struc component on cell wall-cleaves and destroys the cell wall

Term
dermonecrotic toxin of B pertussis
Definition
causes skin lesions and fatality in mice but not known to have effect in humans
Term
LPS endotoxin of B pertussis
Definition

activates alternative complement pathway

fever

Term
3 stages of B Pertussis infection
Definition

1. incubation stage

2. catarrhal or prodomal stage

3. paroxysmal stage

Term
Incubations Stage Bordetella Pertussis
Definition

no overt symptoms

lasts 7 to 10 days

infected indiv is already infectious

Term
catarrhal or prodomal stage bordetalla pertussis
Definition

lasts from 7 to 14 days

non specific sx-makes it east to mis dx

malaise, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, low grade fever, (cold of flu like)

dry cough develops, worse at night

Term

paraoxsymal stage B pertussis

 

Definition

paroxysmal coughing-tenacious mucus, series of repetitive coughs followed by a charac inspiratory "whoop" (cyanosis, convulsions, seizures)

px looks normal b/w paraoxysms w/ minimal fever

cillistatis-death of URT cilliated epithelial cells (tracheal cytotoxin), failure of respiratory escalator to move mucus from lungs to throat

lymphocytosis-neutrophil count in the tissues to 200,000 cells/ml

persistance-sx last 1-2 weeks, until ciliated cells redifferntiate from basal cells

erythromicin-doesn't alleviate sx bc cells are already dead

convalescene (3-4 weeks); lymphocytes dec gradually, cough subsides

 

Term
3 locations of haemophilis influenzae
Definition

upper respiratory tract

lower respiratory tract

middle ear

Term
haemophilis influenzae features
Definition

aerobic gram neg bacterium

coccobacillus or pleomorphic rods

obligate human pathogen

may be encapsulated or non encapsulated

required for growth-fastidious bacterium to culture, hemin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

chocolate agar-contains heat treated lysed erythrocytes

Term
virulence factors of H influenzae
Definition

capsule-secreted polysacch "coat", antiphagocytic activity, resisits killin macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils

pilus-rod like appendage, promotes attachment to target cells of URT or middle ear

HAP protein-surface protein-promotes more intimate adhearance of baceterium to cells

endotoxins-LPS inflammatory, pyrogenic (fever), impairs cilliary func or URT cells

IgA1 proteases, destroys IgA, facillitates colonization of the mucosal surfaces

Term
How do we differentiate b/w strains of haemophilis influenzae?
Definition

6 serotypes based on antigenic differnces in capsular polysaccharides

Serotype A, B, C...

Term
Serotype B Haemophilis influenzae
Definition

most prominent disease causing strain in US in prior decades

VERY effective vaccine-worked well for a while

based on Sero B capsular polysacch

Term
2 commonly identified serotypes that cause diease of H. influenzae
Definition

serotype B

NTHI

Term
NTHI
Definition

after widespread use of vaccine-most infections caused by unencapsulated strains

emerged as prominent cause of otitis media since the advent of the Hib vaccine

colonized the nasopharynx-many healthy children and adults

approx 8-10 mill cases/year in US

colonized LRT-adults with COPD

colonization early in life assoc w/ recurrent otitis media-middle ear infections

Term
NTHI associated Otitis Media
Definition

NTHI attaches to mucosa of throat using various adhesions

bacteria replicate in throat causing localized URT infections

throat-eutacian tube-nasopharynx-middle ear

replicated in middle ear-pure cultures of bacteria can be obtained from otic fluid

release of bacterial factors cause severe inflammatory response-acute pain, fever, potenial loss of hearing, usually not a lethal infection (meningitis)

Term

H ducreyi

 

Definition

another spp of haemophilus is correlated a higher probability of contacting a lethal disease

causitive agent for chancroid genital ulcer disease-breaks in skin

risk factor for aquisition of HIV, requires breaks in the skin to enter the body, infection was widespread in parts of Africa

 

Term

pathogens and increased risk of other pathogens

 

Definition

contracting one pathogen may make you much more suseptible to infection by another pathogen or disease

hemophilus ducreyi-HIV

H. pylori-gastric carcinoma

Viral influenza (flu)-N. meningitis

pathogens evolve or adapt to take advantage of newly opened ecological niches w/in body

Term
mycobacterium
Definition

genus: mycobacterium

species: mycobacterium tuberculosis

mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI complex)

mycobacterium leprae

Term
three mycobacterium diseases
Definition

1. tubercule bacilli-TB (M. tuberculosis)

2. MOTT of Atypicals-M avium-intracellulare

3. Leprae-leprosy or Hansen's disease (m. leprae)

Term
mycobacterium and high lipid count
Definition

have high lipid count

cell wall is a complex layered complex

peptidoglycan skeleton overlayed with layers of lipid

primary lipid-mycolic acid

lipid accounts for about 40% of dry weight of the cell

Term
5 traits of cell wall comp responsible for distinguishing traits of bacteria
Definition

acid fastness

slow growth

resistance to disinfectant and strains

resistance to common antibacterial antibiotics

antigenicity-surface glycolipids

Term
mycobacteria as acid fast bacilli
Definition

ziehl neelsen procedure-acid fast stain (carbol-fuchsin) is forced by heat or detergent into cell

Bacterium resists acid alcohol decolorization and retains red color of acid fast stain

not able to be stained by gram stain raegents

Term
3 general characterisitcs of mycobacteriym
Definition

1. high lipid content

2. acid fast bacilli

3. slow growth rate

Term
slow growth rate of mycobacterium
Definition

generation time-12-20 hours; 30 minute gen time for E. Coli

slow growth rate due to complex lipid-rich cell wall

Term
microscopic morphological appearance of mycobacterium
Definition

acid fast bacilli (AFB)

non spore former

non motile

no capsule

Term

growth conditions mycobacterium

colony appearance

Definition

obligate aerobe

simple growth medium-inorganic salts, asparagine, and glycerol

selective media, lowenstein 7H-10 or Middlebrook 7-11

colony appearance is extremely rough/dry colonies

Term
magnitude of infection Tubercle Bacilli (M. tuberculosis-human strain)
Definition

1.immunity host

2. hypersensitivity host

3. infecting dose bacilli

Term
brief vs. chronic tb infections
Definition

brief-asymptomatic incident

chronic-progressive lung dx resulting in loss of almost all func lung tissue

Term

transmission TB

 

Definition

close person to person contact

inhalation of infectious aerosols

Term
3 types of clincial TB dx
Definition

1. primary TB-direct course (recent infection)

2. secondary TB (reactivation or reinfection)-activation of a latent infection, "new" direct course

3.disseminated TB-extrapulmonary TB-non pulmonary infections

Term
primary TB
Definition

respiratory dx

infections restricted to lung or lower RT

Term
8 steps of TB primary infection
Definition

1. inhalation bacilli

2. phagocytosis by avelor macrophages

3. growth of bacilli intraceullarly w/in macrophages (prescense of sulfatides)

4.exudative lesions or primary lesions

5.productive lesions

6.productive lesion expansion

7. caseous lesion

8. entry bacilli into bloodstream

Term
growth of bacilli intracellarly w/in macrophages in primary TB infection
Definition

prescnce of sulfatides

sulfatides func w/ inhibition of phagsome lysosome fusion; increases bacterial survival when phagocytosed

infected phagocytic cells burst releasing bacilli allowing further cycles of phagocytosis-lysosome mycobacterial replication and cell lysis

Term
exudative lesions or primary lesions in primary TB
Definition

early part of infection

exudative lesions-charac by presence of poly morphonuclear leukocytes, fluid and inflammation

most bacilli growing intracellularly in macrophages

lesion may heal-reabsorption of inflammatory derived exudates

Term
productive lesions "tubercles" in primary TB
Definition

3 to 4 weeks after infections, host develops cellular immunity or allergy to the bacilli

large influx of mononuclear cells into lungs-formation of specific infection sites or tubercles

tubercle appears oas a granular nodule (granuloma)-host's mech for inhibiting bacillary multiplication

housed w/in tubercles are bacilli which can be reactivated

tubercles may harbor bacteria indefinitely

formation of tubercles or granulomas walls off lesions from healthy tissue

Term
tubercle or granuloma
Definition

solid mass or nodule

central core-TB bacilli and enlarged macrophages

outer wall-fibroblasts, lymphocytes and neutrophils

Term
productive lesion expansion in primary TB
Definition

neutrophils at lesion site release lysosomal enzymes that destroy tubercle (necrotic tissue), healthy tissue and some bacilli (allows lesion to expand)

caseation necrosis-semi solid coagulated mass (cheesy state) of host cells and bacilli

 

Term
caseous lesion of primary TB
Definition

 can heal-calcification; infiltration of fibrous tissue and Ca deposits

or expansion of caseous lesion-resulting in cavities in lung after clearance of necrotic tissue

Term
entry of bacilli into bloodstream in primary TB
Definition

lesion epxansion involves portal vein

infectivity of other organs and tissues; bone marros, spleen, kidneys, and CNS

Term
2 possibilities with secondary TB
Definition

reactivation of bacilli from an "earlier" infection

reinfection of "new" bacilli from the environment

Term
reactivation of primary infection in secondary TB
Definition

represents 2/3 of all "new" active cases of TB

residing w/in tubercle or "healed" primary lesions are dormant bacilli

bacilli reactive: dec immunological capabilities

1.elderly or young adults

2. immunosuppressive disease

3. chronic alcoholism

4. prolonged corticosteriod therapy

Term
2 types of disseminated TB
Definition

1. lung lesions-entry of bacilli into bloodstream

or

2. lymph sytem-possible infection of every organ

Term
organs most commonly involved in a TB infection
Definition

regional lymph nodes, kidneys, gential tract, CNS, long bones/weight bearing joints,

miliary TB-numerous small tubercles in body tissues-"millet seed" lesions

Term
early clincial sx of TB
Definition
non specidic, malaise, weight loss, cough, night sweats
Term
sx of chronic TB
Definition
violent coughing, chest pain greenish or bloody sputum, extreme fatigue
Term

immunity TB

 

Definition

infection by TB bacillis, delayed hypersensitivity reac

intensity of hypersensitivy response; amount of mycobacterial antigen in the host

tuberculin Ag (mycobacterial Ag)

Term
resistance to TB
Definition

ability of macrophages to kill bacilli or inhibit growth-activated macrophages, killing/inhibition

T cell sensitivity-not life long

nursing home studies

immunocompetent elderly-one time Tuberculin (+)

may become non reactive-risk of contracting a primary infec

Term
clinical tests for TB
Definition

1. tuberculin testing-pos skin test reactivity

2.roentgenography-chest x rays (checking for tubercle or destroyed skin)

3. lab detection, microscopy, culture

Term
TB testing-skin sensitivity test
Definition
tuberculin antigen-purified protein deriviative (PPD)-surface glycolipid from the myobacterium's cell wall
Term
mantoux test
Definition

inject 5 tuberculin units of PPD intradermally in forearm

measure size of induration (hardness) after 48 and 72 hours, degree of induration at site of injection is an indication of indiv present or past assoc w/ TB

Term
hypersensitive indiv and TB
Definition
tuberculin evokes an intense inflammatory reaction (delayed hypersensitivity) at site of injection observed as an induration with erythema (redness) and edema, hypersensitity may exist throughout life
Term
positive reaction and TB
Definition
**inidicates prior contact with mycobacterial proteins but not neccesarily the active disease
Term
roentgenography chest x rays and TB
Definition

tubercular infections-abnormal radiopaque patch

looking for tubercle or lung caberation

Term
lab detection TB
Definition

microscopy-clincial source of infecting bacilli, TB-sputum or lung secretions, disseminated TB-CSF, urine, joint material, or feces

direct identification of AFB-1.ziehl Neelson stain; 2. fluorescent acid-fast stain (smear eval-#AFB/field, culure-accurate species ID)

selective media-lowenstein Jensen or Middlebrook 7H10 or 7H11-prob 3 to 4 weeks colony detection, biochem tests-production of niacin, catalase, and nitrate reductase

Term
rapid means of species ID and TB
Definition

nucleic acid probes-DNA probes

chromatographic analysis of cell wall lipids by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)

Term
treatment TB
Definition

1. no hospitalization-past paitents were quarantied in sanatoriums

2.prolonged antibioitic therapy (6 to 24 months) chronic nature, tow months of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide

four months daily or weekly doses of rifampin and isoniazid

combined anitbiotics to avoid drug resistance

inc period of therapy in px w/ HIV

Term
long period of antibiotic therapy and TB
Definition

many organisms are intracellular (hiding in macrophages)

rate of metab is slow

chemotherapeutic drug does not easily penetrate the fibrotic or caseous lesions

Term
outbreaks multi drug resistant TB
Definition
failure to follow prescribed drug regimens (1990 to present) primarily AIDS px, homeless in NYC and miami
Term
higher rates of infection of TB
Definition

homeless, recent immigrants, drug addicts, AIDS px

nosocomial transmissions, AIDS px, w/ muilti drug resistant TB

highest case rate-non white males over 30, nonwhite females over 60

NYC-highest case rate, reporting 10% of all cases in US

Term
prevention of TB
Definition

1. family members of recently dx cases receive isoniazid chemoprophylaxis for 1 year

2. tuberculin skin testing screening-hospital workers

3. vaccination-attenuated bacille calmet guerin BCG, isolated from M bovis, immunize neg tuberculin reactors, vaccination of young children in countries w/ high rates TB, offers 20-80% protection for several years, not used in US since it induces a pos TB test

Term
control TB
Definition

difficult, slow chronic dx diff to isolate people until months or years after infection,

px non compliance w/ therapy, immigrants, homeless, substance abuse, mental illness, or socioeconomic probs

 

Term
MOTT
Definition

mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli

M avium-intracellulare complex (MAI)-two species diff to tell apart so its a "complex"

originally assoc w/ compromised pulmonary func (chronic bronchitis), clinically identical to pulmonary TB

 

Term

MOTT risk groups, transmission, pathogenesis

 

Definition

risk groups-1990's AIDS px, terminal stages

transmission-ingestion of contaminated food or water

pathogenesis-mycobacteria multiply in lymph nodes-spread systemically, disseminated mycobacterial infection

Term
organ involvement, transmission, prognosis of MOTT
Definition

organ involvement-die of mass organ failure from bacterial engorged organs, bacilli flood blood stream, bone marrow, bronchi, intestine, kidney, and liver

tx-antibiotic therapy-clarithrmycin, ethambutal, and rifabutin

prognosis-poor, mass bacilli impair organ func

**third most common cause of death in AIDS px

Term
Leprae, leprosy or Hansen's disease (M. leprae)
Definition

distinguising charac: strict intracellular parasite, not cultivated in vitro; no growth artificial media

cultivated in vivo-mouse foot pads or armidillos

very slow growth; generation time-12 days

Term
transmission Leprae
Definition

person to person spread by inhalation or direct contact of lesions

1. inhalation of bacilli onto nasal mucosa

2. direct skin to skin contact (intact skin or penetrating wound) with respiratory secretions or wound exudates

Term
pathogenesis leprosey
Definition

entry-inhalation or skin contact

phagocytosed by macrophages

(4-12%) of infected indiv have weak macrophages-intraceullar survival

incubation is 2-5 years

infection-chronic progressive diease of skin and peripheral nerves that often leads to disfigurement

Term
three types of leprosy
Definition

1.indeterminate or borderline leprosy

2.tuberculoid leprosy

3.lepromatous leprosy

Term
indeterminate or borderline leprosy
Definition

intial sx-few hypopigmented areas of the skin plus a dermatitis

severe residual sx-damage to nerves that control muscles of hands and feet, subsequent wasting of muscles and loss of control-drop foot or claw hands

Term
leprosey dx progression
Definition

1.dependent on tx

2.dependent on immunological competence of indiv

Term
outcomes of leprosy
Definition

most indiv recover spontaneosly

dev of either tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy

Term
2 major clinical forms of leprosy
Definition

tuberculoid leprosy

lepromatous leprosy

Term
tuberculoid leprosy
Definition

sx-1 to 3 shallow skin lesions, lesions are blanced, appear flat, contain few bacilli, localized areas of anesthesia (nerve damage), nerve damage as a result of inflammation that occurs during a cellular immune response to bacilli in the nerves (numbness or anesthesia) happens from local inflammation reaction

recovery is frequently self limiting

Term
lepromatous leprosy
Definition

accountable for dx assoc disfiguration

degrees of disfigure; max resistance-disease affects superficial nerve endings and related skin areas or minimal resistance w/ organ involvement in eyes, testicles, and bones

Term
sx of lepromatous leprosy
Definition

early sx-small hypopigmented spotty lesions, numbness-hands and feet, loss of heat and cold sensibility, muscle weakness, chronic stuffy nose, thickened earlobes

later sx-diffuse to nodular lesions or lepromas (granulomatous thickenings w/ folds) result of massive intracellular overgrowth

lesion location-cooler parts of body, nose, ears, eyebrows, anterior third of eye, peripheral nerves at speicific sites, elbow wrist, ankle (optimum growth 30 deg) irreversible peripheral nerve damage-loss of feeling and permanent paralysis

secondary sx-trauma and mutilation to self-sensory loss-can't feel pain

untreated-death by kidney or respiratory failure

Term
increased susceptibility and leprosy
Definition

health pre disposing risk factor-inherited or acquired defect in cell mediated immunity

living conditions-long term household contact w/ leprotics, poor nutrition, crowded conditons, inadequate hygeine

Term
dx leprosy
Definition

prescence of skin lesions and nodules consistent w/ clinical dx

non culturable AFB in lesions (nasal discharges, tissue samples, and nodules)

neurological eval of extemetities-occurance of anasthesia, feather test

lepronin skin test-no aid in diag, lepromatous px-impaired cullular immune response and will not react

most indiv test pos to lepronin

Term
tx of leprosy
Definition

combined antibiotic therapy-dapsone, rifampin, clofazimine, or ethinamide for a min of 2 years

pilot vaccine study-antileprosy studies in india; ICRC bacillus-vaccine is a killed leprosy bacilli from a human leproma

prevention w/ surveillance of high risk populations to discover early cases, chemoprophylaxis of healthy persons in close contact w/ leprotics, isolation of leprosy px

Term
points of interst w/ TB and leprosy
Definition

1/3 of worlds pop infected w/ TB bacillis

WHO declared TB global emergency

TB kills approx 2 mill people each year

each year there are 600,000 new cases of leprosy

Term
parasite
Definition

organsims that lives on or in host org and gets its food from or at expense of host

often pathologcial but not always

Term
common parasitic dx in the US
Definition

toxoplasmosis

giardiasis

pinworms

crtosporidum diareha

trichomonas vaginitis

imported malaria

Term
symbiosis
Definition
living together of organisms w/o harm to each other
Term
mutualism
Definition
coexisitence in which both organisms can benefit from the arrangement
Term
parasitism
Definition
coexistence in which one partner (the parasite) has the potential to harm the other (host)
Term
definitive host
Definition
speicies in which parasite undergoes sexual reporduction
Term
intermediate host
Definition
species in which a part or whole of a an asexual reproduction occurs
Term
incidental host
Definition

unnatural host to which the parasite may not be adopted for replication

unusal pathology

Term

insect vector

 

Definition
insect to human transition
Term
unicellular parasites (protazoa, protists)
Definition

phylum sarcomastigophora

phylum apicomplexa

Term
sub phylums under phylum sarcomastigophora
Definition

subphylum sarcodina

subphylum mastiogphora

Term
entamoeba histolytica
Definition

under subphylum sarcodina

agents of amebiasis

worldwide distribution, many infected, many more carriers

confusion w/ morphologically similar but non invasive species E dispair

E histolytica specific antigen and PCR tests avail to distinguish the cysts from E dispar

Term
lifecycle of E histolytica
Definition

2 stages

1.cyst stage passed out in fece, many parasites use this

2.trophozites stage passed in gut

fecal oral route of transmission

Term
E histolytica trophozites
Definition

replicative stage:heat labile

**Pathogenic stage

about 20-30 million micron motile forms (ameboid)

No mitochondria, have mitosomes

phagocytosis of bacteria and red cells

secretion of various cytocidal agents

"amebapore" small peptides (77aa) that form a pore in cell membranes

Term
e histolytica cysts
Definition

trophozites differentiate into cysts (encystation)-formation of cysts

differentiation happens during passage through gut (changes in pH, cholesterol etc)

infectious cyst stage of the parasite can tolerate 55deg C, cholride levels of city water supply and normal levels of the gastric acid

Term
amebiasis epidemiology
Definition

large number of people infected (1-10%) carriers estimated

about 10 percent of infected individuals go on to get invasive pathology

fecal-oral spread, veneral transmission also seen

incidence in US when up as AIDS epidemic started

Term
E histolytica pathogenesis
Definition

humans are main reservoir (millions of cysts can be passed in stools of infected indiv)

transmission by cysts

cyst wall disintegrates in distal small intestine and eight trophozoites are released per cyst

tropozites colonize large intestine

adhere to host cell through specific lectinss and secrete pore forming peptides that lyse cells

secrete various enzymes (proteases, collagenase)

induction of mucosal ulcers

acute inflammatory response, diareha, flatulence, and cramps,

chonic amebiassis can last for months for years (can have it for a while w/o even realizing what it is)

Term
extraintestinal amebiasis
Definition

hepatic (liver) absess seen in about 5% of the cases-more common in adult males

absesses can extend into surrounding tissues, pneumonia, periontitis, chornic pericardial infection

in rare cases go to lungs and brain

Term
amebiasis dx and treatment
Definition

stool examination of wet mouths to observe cysts and tropozites

enzyme linked immunoassays and PCR avail

tx diferent drugs avail to tx amebiassis depending on the stage and severity but generally good to tx

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